Rev. Richard Johnson :: essays research papers

Reverend Richard Johnson In a land intended to be dumping grounds for Britain’s moral filth, Reverend Richard Johnson worked hard at laying the foundations of Christianity in Australia. Born in 1757 at Welton, England, he was educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge. He graduated with a BA in 1783, and was appointed a deacon and priest by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1786. Only five months before the First Fleet set sail, Richard Johnson was recommended and approved for the position of Chaplin, to establish the Church of England in Australia. Governor Phillip saw Johnson’s job as a "moral policeman" to the convicts, but the chaplain viewed his position as a door of opportunity to preach the Gospel to the "dregs of humanity." His work began even before the ship landed, and his moral nature displayed. Johnson found the ship's company very disrespectful and profane and targeted this in his teaching. On the following Sunday it was noted that for days afterwards their behaviour had improved. On Sunday the 3rd of February 1788, Johnson preached his first sermon to a crowd of both soldiers and convicts. Being a result of the Evangelical revival in England, Johnson laboured for their salvation and tried to encourage goodness in them. He requested the help of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, who provided him with 4200 books in total for the new colony, including Bibles, Testaments, Prayer Books, Catechisms, Psalters, and religious booklets against common sins. His job was not an easy one as he was meant to carry out many duties placed upon him by the Governor as well as the mission of his own. Johnson’s duties included officiating at hangings and acting as magistrate when needed. In the first five years, he conducted 226 baptisms, 220 marriages and 851 funerals. One of Johnson’s obstacles was the lack of support he received. He and his wife, Mary, lived in a cabbage palm hut for the first three years while the Governor had two mansions. Many times his family was short of food and in addition to his regular duties; he worked on his farm to provide for his family. Richard Johnson was a compassionate man who even took an Aboriginal girl, who had contracted smallpox, into his home for several months. This trait made Australia appear as a destination unsuitable for him, but at the same time, he was the best man for the job.

In “The Stone Angel,” Margaret Laurence writes a gripping story seen though the eyes of an old woman nearing the end of her life

At ninety, Hagar Shipley speaks touchingly of the dangers of growing old and reflects with bitterness, humor, and a sorrowful perception of her own frailties on the life She has led. In this story circumstances and character traits are most influential in shaping the lives of the characters, especially Hagar Shipley. An example of a character trait that is most influential in shaping the live of a character is at the beginning of this novel. From her childhood as a daughter of a Scottish merchant to her marriage, Hagar has fought a long and wrong battle for freedom and respect. Her life has been ruled by her concern of external appearances and behavior. Although She felt love and happiness, She refused to show it fearing others may view it as a weakness. Hagar has divided feelings about her husband, her passionate fondness to one son, Marvin, and her negligence of another, John. She is sometimes regretful but rarely sorry. The main internal characteristic responsible for this was her pride. This is supported by the comment she made: â€Å"Pride was my wilderness and the demon that led me there was fear. † She has been afraid of being unrespectable, afraid of needing too much and giving too much and her pride is both unsettling and inspirational. Hagar inherited this strong pride from her father, Jason Currie, along with other poor qualities. However, Hagar tries to escape from her own poor qualities to which She is imprisoned; attempting to stuff the emptiness within her. Throughout her life, Hagar is desperately trying to escape. Even though Hagar has pride of herself, She becomes progressively more powerless to care for herself and therefore becomes an unbearable tension on her son, Marvin and his wife, Doris. This tension makes them decide to put her in a nursing home because they can no longer take care of her. She is full of anger, but is childlike and illogical. She needs support with almost everything, yet She irritably refuses aid. Despite her knowing that She is a worry, she denies it herself. Despite character traits being most significant, circumstances within this story too are also as influential as the character traits. An illustration of this is the use of Lilacs by the author, Margaret Laurence, to indicate many bad events in The Stone Angel. This color is portrayed through a silk dress that Hagar wears many times in this novel. The Lilac dress is introduced on the day that Hagar purchases the dress. She refers to the past on the day She bought the dress with Doris, her daughter in law. I wear my lilac silk because the day seems Sunday†¦ How annoyed She was with me when I bought this dress. † She mentions that her feet are aching and is very tired. Doris on the other hand does not think this silk is worth buying. Though she does not like this dress Doris thinks she will buy it anyways and this started all the bad happenings that are related to this lilac silk dress. One such bad happening in the novel is when She wears the lilac silk dress at the dinner t able with Marvin and Doris. She then notices that something is wrong. â€Å"What is it? I want to shout the question impatiently at the face. Instead I fold my hands, as I am meant to do over my silk lilac belly, and wait. † She later finds out that She lives in with her husband and her family for many years. Doris keeps on pushing Marvin to tell Hagar that She should let go of the house and move on with her life. Hagar feels that her life is joyful and does not think that She needs a change. As a conclusion, circumstances and character traits have both been most influential in shaping the lives of the characters in The Stone Angel.

Marketing educational organizations

The basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993). Amidon (2002), in her recent work entitled The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage states that the rapid shift in orientation over the past 50 years from data to information to knowledge is a profound and fundamental change that highlights the importance of individual and collective knowledge in the new economy.   The rapid changes that have taken place in this new era have created a â€Å"new economy† that presents new challenges and problems. There are now new markets that are available and the traditional mindsets or practices that have been utilized by institutions and foundations in the past may even be no longer applicable to the current scenario.   This short discourse seeks to explain how these changes have created an impact in the â€Å"new economy† by highlighting the influence that these changes have made to modern education administration theory in relation to the emerging contemporary marketing perspectives. As previously mentioned, the basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993).   While this may not necessarily be a new concept, it certainly creates an added dimension in this discussion as it leads to three (3) implications. The first being that educational institutions are no longer immune or removed from the â€Å"new economy†, as was previously thought; the second implication being that education presently being looked upon to provide answers or solutions to the challenges of preparing people for this new environment or â€Å"new economy† and the third being that educational institutions need to face radical organizational change issues in order to be aligned with the â€Å"new economy† consumer and the operating requirements demanded by the â€Å"new economy†. In order to properly understand or comprehend the impact of these changes it is first essential to delve into a brief discussion of what marketing really means and how it is currently being understood in the context of the present day discussions regarding this issue.   â€Å"Marketing, according to Kotler (1994, p. 6), â€Å"is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they most need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others†. As key to achieving organizational goals, marketing focuses on satisfying customers and meeting their needs and is central to any organizational improvement.   This aspect of marketing is what makes it essential to the concept of the â€Å"new economy† in that marketing determines the success of organizations existing and operating within the bounds of the â€Å"new economy.† Since the marketing has constantly evolved evolving from a concept with the purpose of convincing consumers that they should buy what is offered, to a conceptual base that suggest that the product or service be customized to meet and satisfy what consumers want, its applicability to modern education administration now becomes clear. There is no question that with the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† there has been a shift towards education being a basic resource of society (Drucker 1993).   What is questionable however is the extent that this shift is relevant to contemporary marketing perspectives.   The answer to this question lies in the relevance that education has in the application of contemporary marketing perspectives. As an ongoing conceptual evolution in practice, marketing in education is the key to gaining a competitive advantage over the other players in the field.   While this relevance may substantially vary from one educational institution to another, there are some elements of marketing that have always (arguably) existed in educational institutions. As Amidon highlights, this is now the essential ingredient for economic prosperity (Amidon 2002).   The reason for this is because of the impact that education has on contemporary marketing perspectives.   In this highly competitive â€Å"new economy†, for any player to survive and to prosper, it must be able to sustain its advantage over the other players.   This can only be achieved by employing an effective strategy aimed at developing the current advantages and addressing the needs as posed by the current disadvantages which the organization is faced with.   An effective strategy however necessarily entails initiating an analysis of the total operating environment (Porter 1996). There are those however who are highly critical of the idea of applying contemporary marketing perspectives to modern education administration theory, citing that there is no need to apply such perspectives because of the fact that educational institutions are beyond the realm of these perspectives and are hence inapplicable to the current scenario.   But as shown in the earlier discussion, the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† has indeed prompted the examination of traditional views and practices and necessitated the application of new theories such as contemporary marketing perspectives. The resistance to such application also springs from the fact that most of these educational institutions are too focused on the perceived failure or threats from the application of such theories that they, in essence, become too hesitant to institute or implement such changes (Kotler 1985).   The tendency of institutions to embrace these perspectives only when they are confronted with problems that they cannot deal with at a time when the application of these perspectives may become too late is the real problem.   Institutions, according to Kotler, must learn to realize and understand that the analysis of opportunities is more important than focusing on the perceived threats and dangers that come from its utilization in such a scenario (p 75). Marketing of education has been approached mainly from the operational level as tools for student recruitment and income generation. Responsible marketing in education, as called for by its terms of reference, is concerned with how to effectively bring students into contact with programs that are both beneficial and rewarding from the broadest sense of personal as well as societal fulfillment (Liu 1998). Most, if not all, of the current individual educational institutions are at any of the three (3) stages in terms of their understanding and application of marketing to modern education administration.   While it has been argued that in the current scenario marketing is only at the early stages of development in most educational institutions, typically at stage 1 or stage 2 of this continuum, there promises to be more growth and development in this field because of the relevance that it has as discussed in the previous segments of this discourse.   Marketing, therefore, as a selling or product based concept can be applied to modern education administration. The application of marketing perspectives to educational theories is possible in many different aspects.   One of these aspects is in recruitment, which is analogous to the earlier theory of coming up with a strategy.   In this aspect, marketing can play a very important role as it will effectively make the educational institution stand out and become more recognizable.   When products become increasingly similar, companies need to segregate themselves from the rest of the players to create a preference for their offerings. This is similar to the current scenario which exists in the education sector wherein most schools provide the same basic services and information as others.   By employing marketing strategies, such as branding, these educational institutions are able to distinguish themselves from the other players in the field by promising that the company's offering will create and deliver a certain level of performance, and in this case that the education offered will be exactly what the target market needs in order to succeed (Kotler 1994). The concept of branding is also applicable to a stage one (1) or stage two (2) marketing approach which essentially is limited to recruitment.   The ability of branding to increase recruitment is only one aspect as branding has also been shown to increase retention and referral.   This however exposes a fundamental difference between the various approaches to marketing education. A stage three (3) marketing approach incorporates a focus on what can be termed the 3Rs: †¢ recruitment – student (and parent) †¢ retention – student (and parent) †¢ referral – student (and parent).   The successful implementation of these strategies however clearly creates for opportunities for any educational institution than it does threats and therefore strengthens the position that there indeed is an advantage that contemporary marketing perspectives can bring to the field of modern education administration. In conclusion, the dawning of the â€Å"new economy’ which emphasizes the primacy of knowledge and education also brings about new challenges and opportunities for the field of education administration.   In order to capitalize on this whoever education institutions need to recognize the fact that there are indeed more benefits to be gained from employing these perspectives and should instead consider marketing and strategy concepts that allow for sophisticated planning, implementation and monitoring procedures to anticipate and meet customer needs and enhance satisfaction in line with the current development in marketing theories. References: Amidon, DM (2002) The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA Drucker, Peter (1993) Post capitalist society, Butterworth Heinemann, UK Kotler, Philip (1994) Marketing management, Prentice-Hall International, USA. Liu, Sandra (1998) Integrating Strategic Marketing on an Institutional Level Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Journal of Marketing for HIGHER EDUCATION

Bride Wars and Year One

The American film Bride Wars was released in 2009, it is an example of a typical modern romantic comedy. It is about two best friends Liv and Emma, who have grown up together planning their â€Å"perfect† wedding. They both get engaged at around the same time, together they go shopping for everything needed for a wedding, both looking to create their perfect wedding day. They get the wedding planner of their dreams, Marion St Clair who turns out to be the wedding planner of their nightmares and accidently books their weddings on the same day! Neither of them will agree to change their date, so they become enemies. As the tag line quotes â€Å"Even best friends can’t share the same wedding day. † The cake knives are out, but how will everything turn out? â€Å"Year One† is an American film also released in 2009, it is an example of a romantic adventure comedy. It is about two accident-prone Palaeolithic warriors. Jack Black who plays â€Å"Zed â€Å" is a prehistoric would-be hunter he gets kicked out of the tribe in the forest for eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. His side kick, â€Å"Oh† played by Michael Cera is a gatherer and turns up to â€Å"try† and save him. The film is about their adventures set in the prehistoric era trying to save their two friends Maya and Eema. Both girls are from their former tribe and have been captured and sold into slavery, on their travels Zed and Oh meet Biblical characters on route to the city of Sodom. Do they succeed in saving them? Although they are of the same genre they couldn’t be more different films. â€Å"Bride Wars† is set in the 21st century, whereas â€Å"Year One† is set in Palaeolithic era, this means there is a very big contrast between them. Bride Wars gives the impression of being a comedy from the expressions on both the actors’ faces. They are both looking straight into each other’s eyes showing a devious look with a comic smirk, in a horror film there would be no trace of a comic smirk. â€Å"Year One† has the aesthetics of a comedy with Jack Black’s expression being apprehensive and confused, his eyebrow is raised. Michael Cera’s facial expression is one of worried eyes which suggests he is just merely a side kick, and doesn’t really have a say in what Jack is going to do next! â€Å"Bride Wars† gives the impression of comedy on the poster, you would never expect brides to have a â€Å"war† or the weapons to be cake knives. Year One† suggests that it is set in prehistoric times, the first year of man, but the title doesn’t really have a comic sense about it, I believe this is why the director cast Jack Black to star in it, he is a very well known for his comedy roles. People will know that a film with Jack as the main character is going to be entertaining and funny so will choose to see it on that basis. The advertising poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† implies some type of confrontation in the plot. In â€Å"Bride Wars† the actors Kate Hudson and Anne Hathaway have a look in their eyes of pure distain. Anne Hathaway is a popular actress with female audiences of all ages. She has featured in many other films such as Princess Diaries, Ella Enchanted, Devil wears Prada and Brokeback Mountain, again she has a good following. In the poster both young ladies are dressed in wedding dresses this helps to emphases the term â€Å"bride† to look more potent, The actors have their hair down, which suggest a fight is about to break out, as brides nearly always have their hair up in an â€Å"updo†. The poster for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t imply a lot, being dressed in animal cloth relates to the title of the film and lets the audience know that this movie is set in pre-historic times. This leads me to think they might have gotten lost in an adventure, their body language looks like they have just seen something that is confusing or worrying to them. The colours used in each poster have soft tones, nothing potent or eye catching. Except the titles as this is what grabs the audience’s attention as they walk past. â€Å"Bride Wars† uses the colour theme of white and cream, these colours are usually associated with weddings e. g. purity, virgin brides, and wedding dresses, this again emphases the term â€Å"Bride. Year One’s theme is a desert landscape with a blue sky, this suggests it’s a hot day and they might be lost. The actors are the main focus of these posters; this suggests that the films revolve around them. The tag lines are intriguing, the tag line for Bride Wars suggests a confrontation within the film, and the tag line for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t give any clues to the plot of the film. This makes the person reading the poster want to learn more about these tag lines and what happens in the film, these help to grab the audience’s attention to hopefully go and see the film to find out more about them. The bold text in the â€Å"Year One† poster against the desert background makes the text stand out in the poster and catch people eye as they see it. The â€Å"Bride Wars† text on the word bride is similar to the text used on wedding invitations and further relates back to the film title. I think both posters have a target audience. Bride Wars is aimed at female teenagers and also would be appealing to female adults as it is about love and marriage. It is a feminine film, these are sometimes referred to as â€Å"chick flicks. † Year One is more of a teenagers film, not quite as girly as Bride Wars so might appeal to a wider audience. Teenagers are big fans of comedies and new movies that have just been released, they feel they can relate to them as they are light hearted and not serious. These posters inform their intended audience about the film, they try to entice them with intriguing tag lines that make the reader interested and wanting to see the film, and as they say â€Å"curiosity killed the cat. † They also inform people about the name, age certificate, genre, actors, and director, trying to persuade them in every way they can to see their film, to make it a success. In conclusion the posters are about as different as the films, â€Å"Year One† gives very little away about what is going to happen in the film so people will be curious to find out more, and perhaps research the film or discuss with friends what it’s about. Word of mouth is the best advert so getting people to talk about the film is a main goal for the poster. On the other hand the poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† lets you know the plot of the film, so when people see it they can make an instant decisions whether it interests them or not. Seeing two brides holding knives makes your imagination run and you just want to know what is going to happen. Both posters have a different target market, which explains why they are so different as they are tailored to appeal to different audiences. The posters have to grab and get the attention and curiosity of the people that they are aimed at and ultimately encourage them to want to go and see the film. Hopefully after seeing the film they will relay their experiences and enjoyment to other people and that will entice them to see the film too!

Organizational culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Organizational culture - Assignment Example The culture itself is a by-product of observable artefacts and espoused values. There are four types of organizational culture that are given below: 1) Clan culture: this form of organizational culture represents a family like culture in which flexibility is visible whereas employee satisfaction through development of consensus and employee involvement is considered as an important attribute of organizational management. Where such culture is conducive for employee’s job satisfaction and general motivation, there are also inherent risks of lack of diversity since only homogenous employees will thrive in such culture. Furthermore, lack of leaders’ authority and abuse of flexibility is also some of its disadvantages. 2) Adhocracy culture: flexibility is valued in this type of culture but with an external focus on development and growth by presenting innovative products and services. Some of the key elements of this culture are adaptability, creativity with quick response to market challenges and opportunities and less centralised power. Although such culture shows less formalization of processes whereas its unpredictability favours creativity, there are probabilities that such organizations rely heavily on new technology, unnecessary involvement of too many employees and reduced employee’ accountability and risk management (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2012). 3) Market Culture: this type of culture focuses mainly on growth and competition, building organization over the phenomena of control. Such organizations are result-oriented with more attention paid to customers and profits instead of employee’s satisfaction. The major advantage of this culture is higher profits and better results i.e. revenues and employee efficiency however it may ignore employees’ needs, job satisfaction and their welfare. 4) Hierarchy Culture: this culture has formalized procedures with defined roles and responsibilities; internal focus and higher managerial c ontrols are some of its basic traits. Such culture is predictable and has extensive risk management. However, this culture may lack innovative vibe since all the authorities rest with few individuals. Furthermore, employees may find it unnecessary to collaborate and compete within each other for controls (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2012). There are also various types of organization structures that are bureaucratic, functional and divisional or matrix structure. In bureaucratic model, organizations have strict hierarchies and central controls. In functional structure, organizations are divided into segments that have different functions such as marketing, HR, finance, administration etc. On the other hand, divisional structure results in many independently working departments with their own resources and they operate independently. Such division can be due to different geographic location, products and services etc. In a matrix organization, employees are utilized on the basis of their f unctions and use intended i.e. product or service. Hence, teams can be formed by involving members of different departments but are assigned with common goals. In the given case studies, City College has a functional model while Enterprise follows divisional model. City College is a single entity present on one location and providing education to students therefore dividing it into several departments functionally is appropriate for organizational effectiveness. However, such strict definition of roles and responsibilities may make it difficult for departments to collaborate and it may result in lengthy processes and procedures followed by unnecessary communication and transfer of responsibility in emergencies. On the other han

Please discuss the following question with philosophy ethics and Essay - 2

Please discuss the following question with philosophy ethics and knowledge - Essay Example The concept of maximum utility notion of utilitarianism involves lack of suffering, economic well-being and pleasure. In justice and fairness, for instance, utilitarianism accounts that the rights of an individual are less important than the good of many people. Therefore, the utilitarian theory is considerate on people’s demands. The state of the world, on the other hand, is what places greater demands on different people. Individual needs are what corrupt utilitarianism. The ill-will nature of individuals is what leads to suffering. If individual’s needs are highly prioritized, then happiness would be achieved, and utilitarianism would demand very little from the people. Peter Singer’s reply is quite convincing when it comes to the roles of utilitarianism in people’s lives. This is because utilitarianism does not distinguish what people do from what they allow to happen. An individual’s innate feelings, self-ago and view of others are what necessitates or results into suffering. If utilitarianism is too demanding as critiques put it, then everyone is morally obligated to suffering which is not the case with utilitarian

Code Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Code Response - Essay Example She could simply have said the treatment with the patients of the attending staff was harsh, but she chose to use words that were more powerful and conveyed the gravity of the situation with a lot more feeling. The writer talks about the points of view of Nagel, Kant, Bloom and others to amalgamate them with her own opinions and thus presents a very concrete take on Sarton’s â€Å"As We Are Now.† I have myself in the past studied the Kantian formulations and I feel Code has made very apt use of these theories. The treatment of Spencer in the nursing home certainly shows that those who take care of her there do not give any value to those in the nursing home. The staff of the nursing home treats its subjects as liabilities who can also be categorized as non-living things for them. The staff feels that those who are at their mercy in the nursing home are either insane or mentally handicapped in some way, which results in their treating them as ends rather than a means to an end.