Barriers to Democratization in China

This article presents and enlightens the rationale for the failure of China in establishing a democratic system. Such topic is broad and extensive apparently because it attempts to explain the natural flow of democratization with relation to China that has yet to establish a democratic system. This also endeavors to enhance the understanding of democratization process on a certain country.The whole presentation of barriers to Chinese democratization is divided into phases and provides analytical framework in the further understanding of the nature of democratization process.Such phases are consisting of several factors which serve as the subordinate topics in demonstrating the impacts of these factors on Chinese democratization. Chinese Democratization Chinese democratization is of immense importance, both practically and theoretically. Although it is only one country, China represents between one-fifth and one-fourth of the world’s population. According to Rummel (1991), â₠¬Å"due to the undemocratic systems in twentieth-century China, millions suffered from political persecution and died unnatural deaths.† For example, more than twenty million starved to death in the famine of 1959–61. As late as 1989, hundreds of unarmed civilians were mowed down in the capital city of Beijing. Democracy may not work miracles, but it can avoid such tragedies (Rummel 1991). Presenting Barriers to Chinese Democracy I. Historical Legacy and Democracy This part of the article presents the assessment of the potential impact of historical legacy on the process of democratization in China. The general conditions, political thoughts, and political traditions go under this first factor.It initially looks at how some general conditions constrain Chinese political development and compares political thoughts with modern democracy and examines the way democratic or undemocratic Chinese political traditions were. Historical legacies are not of equal importance. Some a re trivial and transitory, such as people’s dress. Others are substantial and stable, such as people’s ways of treating one another. Modern democracy resulted from the interaction between Western traditions and modernization.Given China’s different historical path and its low level of modernization, its democratization process was in the grip of its historical legacies. By focusing on general conditions, political thoughts, and political traditions, this chapter suggests that China’s historical legacies pose a challenge to the democratization process. The vast territory and diverse conditions always create problems for governability and participation in traditional times. A long history tends to foster a cynical view of politics, just as a short history may facilitate an idealistic view of politics.A huge population not only decreases people’s incentive for participation, but also renders it difficult to change the rules of the game. China’s relative isolation from the West cost the Chinese the opportunity to learn from a great and dynamic civilization. All these forms formidable force of inertia that slows down and even blocks attempts to adopt new systems and habits in China. Indeed, few Western thoughts before the modern time were democratic, but the Athenian political and intellectual experiences, the Roman conception of citizenship and law, and Christianity’s conception of humanity did facilitate democracy as we know it today.By contrast, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, and Taoism contained some democratic elements, but none qualified as being democratic because of their failure to advocate popular sovereignty and individual liberty. As the dominant ideology in China, Confucianism was paternalistic in preaching benevolence and propriety. Despite its good intentions, its differences from democracy were huge. Kant’s remark that paternalism is the worst form of tyranny contains some truth. What further separates China from the West is their political traditions. Feudalism had dominated the West for a long time.It was characterized by its lack of equality, liberty, and a powerful central government. It deserves mentioning that not until the early 1860s were serfdom and slavery abolished in Russia and the United States, respectively. Against this historical background, the middle class in the West not only demanded equality and freedom denied by feudal systems, but also attempted to limit the rising power of the central government after the decline of feudalism. By contrast, traditional China witnessed a great deal of socioeconomic equality and freedom.Chinese political and economic systems allowed for a high level of social mobility. So the call for freedom and equality appealed less to the Chinese than to the Europeans. Compared with its European counterparts, the Chinese government was powerful. Theoretically, all the land and people belonged to the emperor. But China’s va st territory and traditional technology softened the impact of a bureaucratic empire. There were both enlightened and despotic rulers in Chinese history. When tyranny accompanied socioeconomic hardship, the Chinese exercised their right of rebellion.As a result, Chinese history seemed to be trapped in a â€Å"dynastic cycle. † Without modernization and foreign contacts, China might have found it difficult to break this cycle. II. Local Forces and Democracy During the second half of the 19th century, China experienced the decline of central power in contrast to the rise of many countries like the U. S. , Italy, and Prussia. In particular, the Taiping Rebellion which endured from 1851-64 had affected almost all the provinces in China proper, devastated its most prosperous regions, and had cost 20 to 40 million people dead.What further undermined the central power was the Nien Rebellion in the north from 1851 to 1868, the Miao Rebellion in the southwest from 1855 to 1872, and th e Moslem Rebellion in the northwest from 1862 to 1878. Collectively, these are referred to as local forces that decisively affect the democratization process in the Republican era. The establishment of the republic did not imply that the Chinese were willing or able to maintain democracy. Before the 1911 Revolution, most Chinese had no preference for democratic republicanism, and those who advocated democracy treated it less as an end than as a means to national power and wealth.But the revolution ruled out the possibility of establishing a new monarchy in China and ushered in the era of republicanism. The entire Republican era was mainly shaped by the shifting balance of power between the central government and local forces. Since the mid–nineteenth century, foreign powers and local forces had undermined the Manchu regime. During the 1911 Revolution, the independence of provinces doomed the Qing dynasty. Since the local forces continued to threaten the new republic, a strong man was needed to rule China.Yuan Shih-kai’s fight against disintegration served national interests and commanded widespread support. But his monarchical scheme discredited him, and his death created an opportunity for the rise of warlordism. During the warlord period, the central government not only lost control of local forces, but also was manipulated by powerful warlords. Against this background, the Nationalists cooperated with the Soviet Union to achieve national unification. The rise of local forces was nothing new in China. With its vast territory, regional diversity, and traditional technology, the empire always faced the danger of division.Since the respective authorities of central and local governments were not clearly defined, the central government might have too much or too little power. On balance, the former was a lesser evil than the latter. While rational rulers had little intention to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs, the lack of legitimacy motivat ed local satraps to maximize their profits. The Chinese fear of local forces appeared unwarranted in the eyes of foreigners, but it constituted a self-fulfilling prophecy. Idealizing a unitary system, many Chinese leaders would resort to violence and war for the sake of national unification.Accordingly, the fear of local forces led to war, which in turn justified people’s original fear. If the establishment of the new republic had little to do with the Chinese people’s democratic conviction, partisan conflict, domestic turmoil, and civil wars in the Republican era made the Chinese disillusioned with democracy. Indeed, democracy does not necessarily weaken state power, and no real democracy was put into practice in China. But there is no denying that the early phase of democratization tends to unleash divisive forces. Through legitimating diverse interests democracy risks undermining the central power.Historical examples abound. A weak confederation followed the America n Revolution. Fortunately, the founding fathers opted for a federal system, which struck a balance between central and local powers. Like many other countries, post-Revolution China experienced chaos and civil wars. The Revolution was intended to strengthen state power, but contributed to its further decline. The painful experience in the Republican era convinced the Chinese that a weak and divisive country needed a strong government, and that dictatorship represented a lesser evil than anarchy. III. World System and DemocracyAll countries have been dragged into the world system in the contemporary times. Unfortunately, this foreign system is unbeneficial to weaker countries and a monster that is beyond their control. It is no exaggeration, as Toynbee (1969) declares, to say that their modern history is one of their responses to foreign challenges. Before the end of World War II, China was one of the disadvantaged countries having deplorable status in the effect of world system†™s adversity to democratization processes. Without the modern world system, democratization might not have become an issue in China.However, such a system militated against the process of democratization in the Nationalist era in several ways. First, the nature of the world system was undemocratic, if not antidemocratic. What characterized this system was power politics and capitalism. The former treated might as right; the latter sought profits and ignored equality. To survive in such a world required a strong state, but not necessarily a democratic one. Given China’s low status in the world, the Chinese desired wealth and power rather than democracy.In fact, the Chinese accepted democracy, less because they embraced the value itself than because they saw it as a method to strengthen the state power. Second, liberal democracy was less attractive than it is today. Internal disturbance and foreign threats in 1930s provided the best justification for dictatorship. No wonder t hat the Nationalist government and many Chinese intellectuals found dictatorship both necessary and desirable. Third, the Japanese aggression made the Chinese democratization almost irrelevant.Indeed, the Sino-Japanese War facilitated partisan cooperation, stimulated Chinese nationalism, and helped democratize the world system. But amid foreign aggression, national survival took precedence over the call for democracy and human rights. Equally important, the war catapulted the Communists into formidable power and exacerbated socioeconomic problems the Nationalists had never been able to handle. As a result, a democratic solution to China’s political, economic, and social problems became difficult, if not impossible. Lastly, the Cold War system affected Chinese political development.The victory of the Soviet Union in World War II and the expansion of socialism into East Europe boosted the reputation of socialism in comparison with liberal democracy. Both superpowers wanted to i ncrease their own influence in China and sided with either the Nationalists or the Communists. It was no exaggeration to say that the evolution of the world system made possible the Communist triumph. IV. Socialist Values and Democracy Although the Mao era did well in promoting socioeconomic equality and deserved credit for encouraging mass participation, socialist China did not qualify as democracy as we know it.The one-party rule excluded the possibility for citizens to select rulers. Civil and political rights were ignored, if not flagrantly violated. The house-registration system and class label contravened the principles of liberty and equality. Millions suffered from political persecution. Even among the party itself, powerful struggles were frequent and cruel. What was worse, the Communists did not deliver on their own material promise. Living standards in Maoist China barely increased. In explaining the lack of democracy in China, one cannot ignore the role of Mao.It was Mao who hastened the socialist transformation, led the AntiRightists Campaign, initiated the Great Leap, encouraged the people’s communes, reversed the sensible guidelines of the Eighth Congress, and launched the Cultural Revolution. Without him, Chinese socialism would have taken different shape. But even without him, there would have been little chance for socialist China to be democratic. Authors like Berger (1993) and Almond (1991) believe that â€Å"the reality is that although countries with market economies have not necessarily been democratic, all democracies have coexisted with market economies†.Advocates of socialism see no contradiction between socialism and democracy. Ralph Miliband, for example, maintains that â€Å"socialist democracy would embody many of the features of liberal democracy, including the rule of law, the separation of powers, civil liberties, political pluralism, and a vibrant civil society, but it would give them much more effective meaning . It would seek the democratization of the state and of society at all levels (Miliband p. 117). This theoretical possibility has not yet translated into reality.C. B. MacPherson is more sophisticated in arguing that although existing socialist countries do not guarantee political freedom, this does not imply that socialism inevitably conflicts with democracy. He attributes the socialist failure in this respect to three specific factors. According to MacPherson (1973), â€Å"socialist countries were established in underdeveloped countries; they faced the hostility of Western powers; and their birth in revolution or civil war entailed the restriction of freedom. †The conflict between socialism and democracy cannot merely be explained by historical circumstances, but should be explained by the nature of both socialist revolution and the socialist system. By aiming at abolishing private property, socialist revolution inevitably invites the strongest opposition from all ruling an d propertied classes. As a result, socialists have to rely on violence to achieve their objective. Moreover, many scholars, like Belden (1949) and Talmon (1960) find the socialist preference for collective over individual rights to be at the root of totalitarianism.As early as 1848, Tocqueville stated that â€Å"democracy extends the sphere of individual freedom; socialism restricts it. Democracy attaches all possible value to each man; socialism makes each man a mere agent, a mere number. Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word: equality. But notice the difference: as quoted in Hayek (1972) that â€Å"while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude. † The dictatorship of the proletariat may intend to serve the vast majority of the people, but it bodes ill for democracy and human rights.Lenin defines dictatorship as â€Å"nothing more or less than authority untrammeled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force† (Lenin p. 353). Socialists’ emphasis on class character ignores humanity and individuality, and their call for class struggle damages the social fabric. By dehumanizing class enemies, they tolerate and even extol the abuse of human rights. Not least of all, even if socialist rulers are well intentioned, a socialist economy provides the best pedestal for despotism.Public ownership and planned economy enable an all-powerful state to control people’s livelihood, to limit their freedom, and to foster their passivity and fear. V. Economic Development and Democracy Deng Xiaoping’s Era Deng’s reform policy was less political democratization than economic development. Nevertheless, close relations between these two processes determined that he had an important role to play in the process of democratization (Shambaugh 1995). Economic development and political democratization are both desirable, but they somet imes compete and even conflict with each other.Deng’s preference for economic development over political democratization was understandable. Human beings are more economic animals than political ones. Democracy appeals less to poor people in poor countries, and Deng’s political liberalization further decreased the Chinese desire for democracy. Deng first instituted the responsibility system in the countryside and later abolished the commune system. At the same time, he did his best to integrate China into the outside world. The success in rural reform shifted Deng’s attention to urban reform.Despite its limitations, the economic reform increased the people’s living standard, boosted the private sector, substituted a market economy for a planned economy, and internationalized the Chinese economy. All these had positive impacts on democratization, because they reduced the state power over the society, expanded an autonomous economic realm, decreased the eli te’s interest in seeking political power, and motivated better-off and better-educated people to demand more freedom and rights.Economic reforms, however, could not be deepened without political reform. Twice Deng wanted to institute political reforms, but they fell short of expectations. Deng never embraced liberal democracy. For him, democracy represented a means to economic development. When it jeopardized stability and unity, it would be abandoned. But Deng’s political reform received less credit than it deserves. Elections were permitted at local levels. Legal reforms moved China closer to the rule of law. With his administrative reform, old cadres gradually gave way to new technocrats.Although the Chinese did not enjoy positive freedom to participate in government affairs, they were granted negative freedom in their social and economic life. In short, Deng’s political reform represented a change in system rather than a change of system, and was characteriz ed not by democratization but by liberalization and institutionalization. Deng’s economic reform was a two-edged sword, providing more legitimacy to the Communist rule, and causing social unrest and public protests. The 1989 Tiananmen Incident reflected and reinforced the legitimacy crisis.The mass protests originated from people’s dissatisfaction with their economic situations and social injustice, but did not mean that they wanted to overthrow Communist rule. Although the repression temporarily stabilized the situation, the legitimacy crisis became much severer. Like most authoritarian rulers, Deng had no choice but to rely on further economic development to regain legitimacy. Since then, Chinese leaders and people have followed the East Asian model, putting development before democratization.Conclusion All of the above factors presented are apparently legitimate and convincing when it comes to the realities happening in China. These barriers are enough to provide an swers to the issue of China democratization. This presentation provides knowledge with such potential factors and significantly deepens our knowledge of the nature of democratization process in a selected country. References Almond, Gabriel. â€Å"Capitalism and Democracy,† in PS: Political Science and Politics. September 1991: pp. 467–74.Belden, Jack. China Shakes the World. New York: Harper, 1949: p. 504. Berger, Peter. â€Å"The Uncertain Triumph of Democratic Capitalism,† in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited. Ed. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993: p. 3. Hayek, Friedrich. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972: p. 25. Lenin, â€Å"A Contribution to the History of the Question of the Dictatorship. † in Collected Works, 31 (n. d. ): p. 353. MacPherson, C B.Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973: pp. 151–52. Miliband, Ralph.  "The Socialist Alternative,† in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited. Ed. Diamond and Plattner, p. 117. Rummel, R J. China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991. Shambaugh, David, ed. Deng Xiaoping: Portrait of a Chinese Statesman. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Talmon, Jacob. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. New York: Praeger, 1960.

Staying Focus Essay

   Staying focus To know the real man behind the name Cleveland, starts with my dynamic support team, my family. I was fortunate to have a strong foundation in the beginning, that is still on going today. That being said, it has kept me grounded and able to give me the unique abilities that I have in me today. The ability to turn my negatives into positives. Dwelling on issues and difficult situations that occur in my life, is not something I waste my time doing. Searching for solutions, while always finding the positives is what I’m about. Being interested in tasks in my life keeps me constantly planning and preparing for the next phase. Which is teaching Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps in one of Texas’s finest High School. I have given over twenty years of my life to the United States Army, with no regrets. I never lost that passion for our United States Armed Forces. So my interest now, that it is time for another chapter in my life, which is to teach our next generation the tools in life in setting goals and knowing how to achieve them to become successful in this world. I look forward to sharing (teaching) with them what that experience has taught me. I will conquer that by informing them how it has empowered me to never give up on dreams. Also letting them know how it has taught discipline, integrity, values, respect, honor and leadership. Among other things such as great sacrifices, for example ; one of my greatness sacrifices that I have made ( with no regrets) for it has and still is my family. It was not easy being absent from my love ones for long periods at a time. Praying and hoping that it would not be the last time that I saw them again, but that was a sacrifice I was willing to make to ensure a better life for my family and the world. I am very passionate about my family. They are the back bone, as I stated before my strong foundation that represents me. My family keeps me motivated and focus. My wife is constantly reminding and assuring me that nothing is impossible for me to achieve. My gifts, as my lovely wife would explain is that I have â€Å"the gift of Gab†. I have always been fortunate in being introduce to individuals of high statue, which was caused by someone I made a good impression on. I have been able to touch others lives in a special way that was positive just by conversation. I am a true believer that a great personality goes a long way in this world. My talents goes a long way, from the basketball courts, football fields and now the golf course. The one talent that I am happiest about is I love helping people achieve things in life that they could never imagine doing. Over the years while being a recruiter for the United States Army I met lots of people with no dreams or aspiration to succeed, but after spending a couple of hours with me they changed their views. When ever I approached people my goal was to always put a

This Case Study Analysis coursework consists in writing an ethical Essay - 1

This Case Study Analysis coursework consists in writing an ethical reasoning and critical argument to identify, discuss and address potential ethical issues for a given computing project - Essay Example y systems have taken different dimensions because not only do the ethical issues arise due to the emergence of technology but also due to the implementation by the users. Moreover, the ethical issues may also involve the role of the developer of the system concerning the objective of the information technology system. The following analysis aims to identify the ethical issues surrounding a class project concerning intellectual property and reliability of the project. The case study for the analysis is based on the student workload tracker project. The student Workload tracker project was developed under the oversight of two administrator and nine project members who contributed towards the development of the project. The student workload tracker project was aimed at developing a computer system that would enhance the scheduling process of student’s assignments in school. In an ordinary learning environment students attempt to struggle balancing assignments, academic studies and social life. Subsequently, this makes the students to be overwhelmed since especially when they lack proper time management skills. Therefore, the student workload tracker project was aimed at developing a time management schedule based on the analysis of students’ routine activities and the normal time spent on completing a specific activity. Consequently, the system would use the data to present a trend based on various analytical tools such as graphs and charts. In addition a user interface would be used to enhance the appearance of the data in order to provide a clear view of the students’ task performance trends. Therefore based on the portrayed trend by the system, the students would be in a position to create a reliable schedule based on sequence of assignments and the anticipated time for completing relevant tasks. The implementation of the Student Workload tracker system was assessed on the basis of functionality and achievement of the deliverables by the group members.

U.S. History from 1700 to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. History from 1700 to 1877 - Essay Example The book ‘The Negro in American Rebellion’ by William Wells Brown, a noted literary figure, highlights the contributions of African-Americans in the military, in previous wars and in various slave uprisings. Recounted in less traditional historical point of view, the book argues that the African-American involvement and contributions to the war efforts were ignored or misrepresented in other traditional historical documentation which chronicled the life of African-American soldiers. The essay also describes that the book has a few weaknesses but on the whole the author’s arguments are convincing as they were backed by primary sources, such as newspaper articles and documents published by the government. The author’s agenda is mentioned in the essay in details and is apparent from the beginning: To promote the rights of African-Americans, acknowledge the contributions of the African-Americans in the war, support the anti-slavery efforts and bestow voting rights to soldiers of African descent in the Union. In conclusion, author of this essay suggests that Brown’s book is important in the understanding of the American history and experience as a whole in that it offers a disparate insight of life in the past. It factually depicts the struggles of the African-American soldiers and argues for the acknowledgement of their heroism. The experiences of the African-American soldiers in uprisings, rebellion and war cannot be discounted as they form a collective consciousness of the American life.

Struggle for Womens Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Struggle for Womens Vote - Essay Example P. 15, John Smart (2001). "20th Century British Drama," Cambridge University Press,UK. The other side of that era had come to be known as the Great Depression in the US. This was brought on by the Wall Street crash of 1929 which swept the world's financial markets. P. 17 As economic conditions deteriorated, coal mine owners reduced miners wages to trigger a massive strike of coal miners. In England, the Labour Party itself and the Trade Union Congress joined 4 million workers in supporting the widespread protest of miners. Hunger marches were later held in London and elsewhere. While the world economy went into a tailspin, a crisis of ideology came along with it. Many begun to doubt the capability of capitalism, already found difficult to defend morally as it were, to deliver jobs and prosperity. Many thinkers saw in the crisis the fulfillment of Marx's ideas that capitalism was doomed. They began to look at communism as one that offered a fairer and more efficient system. Against this backdrop of unfilled needs and prevailing mood for protest, women picked up the fight for suffrage with greater determination and, after a long and hard struggle, won it. "The developing sense of women's rights and their roles in society is a major theme of the 20th century" Smart,p.8 The protest movement began and ended in Britain such that the coining of the term"suffragette" was attributed to London's Daily Mail. Ruth Rasnic (2006) "The 20th Century - The Century That Made an Impact," Jewish Women International, Vol. 1, Issue 5. It was coined in a derisive vein, which reflected the general attitude towards the movement. Why - Reasons for the protest As far back as the Edwardian era in the 19th century British women had rebelled against their condition as the largest underclass of that time. P.7, Smart. The more educated women became, the sharper their awareness grew on the discrimination they had suffered in a male-dominated world. This was among the topics taken up by the "Blue Stocking" ladies in England, who had counterparts in the US, France and other countries in Europe, as they gathered regularly for tea and literary, intellectual or entertainment discussions. Ruth Rasnic (2006) believes schooled women actually begun to vocalize their concern over their stifled rights during that era. Calmly at first, they started calling attention to the fact that for so long, women had been relegated to an inferior position in all cultures, societies and religions. By tradition, the man was lord and master for women to love, honor and obey. Women are given away in marriage, sold on dowry like cattle. Only the husband can divorce his wife and never the other way around. In some cultures, women cannot choose their spouses and female castration was a popular custom. In China, women were subjected to "foot-binding" as girls so that they would be controlled by men in their lifetime.3 ________________________ 3 In this custom, the girls' feet are bound in cement in childhood to make movement painful. Such discrimination against

Eddington and Everyday Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eddington and Everyday Experience - Essay Example Often though it is something that is lacking a foundational source, the idea, 'it is there because it is' often falls into place, especially in a philosophical sense. For example Arthur Eddington's interpretation of the existence of the world is a key interpretation of this type of thinking. In his following statement it is obvious how he utilizes the areas of philosophy to try and make sense out of the universe surrounding him. "The world, which spontaneously appears around me when I open my eyes," is "a strange compound of external nature, mental imagery, and inherited prejudice". Factual knowledge is not as simple or self-evident as it so often seems to be. Thus, the process of learning cannot be taken for granted. Several different theories of the learning process have been established in Western philosophy and the memes of culture. One of these is Skepticism. Skepticism itself questions everything and places doubt where none should exist. The main message it relays to mankind is one of a negative nature, claiming that man will never reach a heightened sense of knowledge about any certain issue in life or the world in particular (Hooker 1996). So, it is found within the realm of skepticism nothing is for certain and the foundational sustenance of the utilization of epistemologies themselves finds doubt in anything and everything. Although skepticism is admonished by those who don't follow the theorization in behind it, it still shows some crude evidence as to why some doubt so much, in even the simplest of things. The reason for these doubts within this the ory is due to the imperfections of the human mind, which can possibly include: faultiness in reasoning and judgment, poor memory, limited accessibility to an object of scrutiny, a lack in the accuracy of the senses, the possibility of mistaking illusions (such as dreams) for reality, and the possibility of misinformation. The issue then, with skepticism is that it finds fault with everything, even those that take simple, common sense notions where the majority of people would find to be, "self evident". Although scientific people are typically described as taking the sceptical view of a new idea that seems "wild", the scientific method is most accurately rooted in the philosophy of Empiricism. To Empiricists, the senses are indeed highly accurate and, moreover, they are our foremost tool for acquiring knowledge about life, the universe, and everything. In stating "which spontaneously appears around me when I open my eyes", Arthur Eddington indicates that our environment is perceived by our senses. There exists an outside world to which we are only connected through our senses and construct a mental image of it. There exists a disparity between what is perceived to be and what reality essentially is. Even in an ordinary view of the world, it is sometimes dubious if we can rely entirely on our sensory data. Some simple examples are illusions, in which we can not trust our senses since they mislead us to draw odd conclusion. Most Empiricists, however, recognize the existence of a prior i truths, which are those of mathematics and logic. In Eddington's claim of "inherited prejudice", the interpretation of it can go in several directions. Prejudice is neither knowledge nor belief, although it is rooted in the latter. The word prejudice comes from the Latin word

Critically discuss, with examples, the contributions that Managing Essay

Critically discuss, with examples, the contributions that Managing Diversity policies can make to the promotion of equality in organisations - Essay Example Major differences like race, age, culture and gender are obvious but some difference (perceived differences) like personality and lifestyle, which change frequently on experiences and relationships, can be complicated to make out. The examination of these differences has to be done in a positive, nurturing and safe atmosphere. [2] â€Å"Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness.† (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993) The term diversity management in business can be defined as a firm which employs heterogeneous workforce (like different generations, gender, race, age etc) and creates such an atmosphere that works for all employees. In order to manage the diversity successfully, an organization must commit to maintain and create such a working environment that respects all the employees, acknowledging the perspective and the diverse talents of individuals. Organizations gain competitive advantages through low turnover, high motivation, less internal conflict and more job satisfaction if their workforce diversity is well managed. A diverse workforce enables an organization to better meet the requirements of their customers. Different new ideas are brought to the organizations by diverse employees, which help them in solving various complicated problems. â€Å"Managing diversity is a process of creating and maintaining an environment that naturally encourages all individuals to reach their full potential in pursuit of organizational objectives.† (Jenner, 1994; Thomas, 1994 in Dagher & DNetto, 1997) Workforce diversity is becoming a major issue which is faced by the managers of the twenty first century. Few of these issues are differences in ethnicity and languages which caused breakdown in communication, increasing number of women in workforce and the ageing population holding the job

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking Essay - 1

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking - Essay Example It is imperative for businesspeople to develop their negotiation skills. Investing in training and development lessons in negotiation for the marketing department workers is a very wise investment. The marketing department is directly responsible of generating sales for the company (Kotler, 2003). Sales are the engine that drives a company. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the negotiation process for a job offer with Joe Tech and Robust Routers. As a prospective employee for the company my first strategy during the initial talks of the negotiation is to establish how strong a candidate I am for the position based on my educational and work experience credentials. I would come prepare with the most recent HR data on compensation for professionals in my career. The data from a reputable source reveals that the $92,000 based salary is within the boundaries of what another professional with similar credentials receives. The overall benefits packaged on the table are very reasonable based on the industry standards. During the negotiation process I will ensure that I use good active listening. By becoming a better listener, you will improve your productivity, as well as your ability to influence, persuade and negotiate† (Mindtools., 2013). I must act confident through the entire negotiations and my mindset must be positive. There are several things and can help a person achieve a successful employment negotiation. The person applying for a job vacancy must dress in a professional manner preferably in a suit for the first interview with the human resource representative or manager of the company. A second important tip for a person in the job application process is to perform research on the firm by searching information from different sources including the corporate website of the company and its annual report. All public companies are mandated to file annual reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Within the content of the annual report are the financial statements of a company (Sec, 2013). Analyzing the financial performance of the company is a good topic to bring up during the conversations of the negotiation. The employer will realize that the candidate came prepared to the negotiation table which shows competence. There are different negotiation strategies that can be used to obtain a p ositive outcome that allows the parties to reach a deal. These strategies can provide outcomes that result in win-win or win-lose outcomes. â€Å"In a successful negotiation, it’s up to each side to paint a vision – based on that side’s mission and purpose – which the other side evaluates as being beneficial or not† (Camp, 2013). In the negotiation process I must persuade the other party to visualize my proposition as a win-win outcome or win for them and lose for me. I have to reflect to the employer my value as a professional and that by hiring me the firm will increase its human capital tremendously. A lot can be learned about the parties involved during the initial negotiation process. The character of the person, communication style, personality, and body language are things that influence the conversations of a negotiation. A good negotiator is able to persuade and convince others (Sfh, 2007). During the early part of the negotiation it becom es notable whether the person negotiating has good verbal communication skills. The ability to communicate well will affect the negotiation from the start until the closure of the event. Compromising the terms of the labor contract now in hopes of being able to negotiate better terms in the future is a risky strategy. The compensation that a company owes an employee is stipulated in the term of the employment contract. If an employee signs a contract with a verbal

FP (Iran) V. Secretary of State for the Home Department Case Study

FP (Iran) V. Secretary of State for the Home Department - Case Study Example The brief facts of the case, FP (Iran) V. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2007), is that the Appellant, an asylum seeker, had initially filed an appeal,through counsel, against the Home Office's rejection of her claim for asylumWith the advent of civilisation and the law making process, it has been the endeavour of man to ensure that Rule of Law prevails in all decisions made in disputes. Judges have accepted time and again that just as everybody has certain rights that are subject to prevailing laws, so also all officials upholding the law have a responsibility to ensure that they shall not commit any act without proper justification. Administrative Law is a set of governing principles that form a part of public law that ensures the fair and reasonable implementation of the laws enacted by the Parliament The main principle of Administrative Law is that all actions on the part of the Government must be legal and if it is not then the public must have a remedy against such illegal action (Kuttner, 2007).Prior to discussing the importance of the present case in the development of Administrative Law, it is important to understand the facts of the case. The brief facts of the case, FP (Iran) V. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2007), is that the Appellant, an asylum seeker, had initially filed an appeal, through counsel, against the Home Office's rejection of her claim for asylum, before the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (henceforth referred to as AIT). The AIT held that the said appeal was not valid giving error of law as the reason for its decision. A rehearing was fixed and notice of the same was sent to the last known address of the Appellant. However, the Appellant having shifted residence did not get the notice and was not present during the hearing. From the perusal of the judgement, it is apparent that the Appellant had had informed her solicitors of this change and they had in turn informed the Home Office. However, neither the app ellant nor her solicitors had informed the AIT. The Judge on finding the Appellant absent went on to hear the appeal on the premise that the notice had indeed been properly served as per the rules. The appeal was dismissed on the grounds that there was discrepancy in the evidence presented by the Appellant, which has not been clarified. The Judge further held that the absence of the Appellant for the rehearing showed a lack of interest in the case and hence could not be upheld. The main question that the Judges in this present case faced was whether the Appellant can be held responsible for the actions or inactions of his or her lawyers. In this case, the Appellant had to pay the price for her lawyer's failure to inform the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal about the change of address, which resulted in the Appellant not being informed about the hearing leading to her absence and ultimately dismissal of appeal. Given this factual background, it is very clear that certain basic principles of law have been violated by the AIT while deciding this case. Rule of law implies that all decisions made by any Court should be fair, efficient and speedy. This concept has been taken in its literal meaning by the AIT even in the arena of rule making without any thought towards the conflict that could arise while implementing the rules. The judgement in the present case deals with the different aspects of administrative law as reflected in this case and how each aspect has been affected and the resulting judgement or opinion of the judges. Analysis and Assessment of Judgement 1.Fairness The first point that the judgement discusses is whether the provisions embodied in the Statute and rules there under are fair or not. According to the judgement, various changes are proposed in the law governing such cases based on the fact that the existing rules and principles are inadequate to fairly deal with such cases. Prior to understanding the

Internal Control Essay Example for Free

Internal Control Essay (1) If the LJB Company should decide to become a publicly traded company, a few internal controls should be implemented to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). * Management will need to provide periodic quarterly reports to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of LJB’s internal controls over financial reporting procedures. * Management should certify the accuracy and fairness of presentation of their financial statements. * Independent auditor(s) outside of LJB will need to attest to management’s assessment of said internal controls. Additionally, non-audit services between these two parties (LJB and said independent auditor) are prohibited. (2) There are a few internal control measures that LJB already has in effect and are better for it: the use of pre-numbered invoices by the accountant and your (the President’s) involvement in the approval and hiring process of new employees. I also recommend the purchase of the indelible ink machine as per the accountant’s request. As this applies to the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control, future check fraud will be more difficult to be accomplished. 3) There are several internal control weaknesses that I assess LJB currently has. Following each weakness I list below is a recommendation from myself to rectify these internal control weaknesses. * One is risk is the accountant who serves as Treasurer and Controller. Although I understand this is to streamline many processes, it possesses a risk where an opportunity is created for this employee to commit fraud. This also violates the Segregation of Duties Principle of Internal Control Principles. I recommend that these two responsibilities be segregated 2 different employees. * When the accountant in charge of payroll leaves employees’ checks in his office unsupervised and unsecured, it presents an opportunity for theft. This violates the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control, as though checks are not constantly kept in the accountant’s office safe prior to pick up. I recommend that these checks remain physically secured at all times (by the accountant, or by delaying delivery to the accountant until he reaches his office). Due to the unorthodox honor system of dealing with petty cash, any single employee can withdraw a substantial amount of petty cash in relative anonymity. This violates two Internal Control Principles: Physical Control and Establishment of Responsibility. It violates the Physical Control Principle because the petty cash is easily accessible with no form of physical protection of theft, and it violates the Establishment of Responsibility Principle because no single person is in charge of the Petty Cash Fund (rather everyone is). This can be remedied by assigning a custodian to be responsible for the fund, as well as creating a secure area to store said funds. * These previous points additionally bring up another weakness, though not actually part of the Internal Control Principles. Though it seems to be LJB’s unofficial policy to trust long-term employees, when a desirable opportunity to commit fraud/theft arises, it becomes at the discretion of the employee to commit these acts for their personal benefit. Another weakness is LJB’s lack of individual passwords which allows personnel to anonymously use the company computers and databases. This lack of individual accountability will prevent most attempts to track suspicious employee activities on company computers and databases. This instance violates the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control. I recommend assigning employees individual accounts and passwords, as well as creating a form of digital control to prevent future unauthorized activities, such as viewing pornography on company computers. Lastly, because LGB unknowingly hired a convicted felon, it can be deduced that LGB’s Human Resource Department may be lacking, due to the fact that a background check should have caught his criminal history. This may violate the Human Resource Control Principle of the Internal Control Principles. I recommend that the Human Resource Department reevaluate their policies and staffing procedures to prevent future incidents from happening. Thank you for taking the time to read this letter and please consider my recommendations before going public with the LGB Company.

Interpersonal Communication Strategies

Interpersonal Communication Strategies There are a lot of thing that are being taught about interpersonal communication in todays society. There are many thing that I have learned that will help you in your relationship as a married couple. Some of the thing that are important in interpersonal communication that will help you better communicate with one another will be discussed here today. There are a lot of skills that are needed to communicate effectively, identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions as well as developing strategies for active, critical and empathic listening. Also according to what is being taught, learning how to evaluate appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships and also learning to understand how perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. Learning strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts, is something that researchers feel could also a help a relationship. Here is some of what I have learnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions is a very interesting subject as well as a great way to learn how to deal with or look for these barriers. According to Eric Garner, who list seven of the top barriers Its not always easy and often takes a lot of determination. But making an effort to remove the obstacles tangible and intangible that stand in our way, can be the key to building relationships that really work(Garner 2012) With Physical being the first barrier that he listed which mean Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication channels are available and less technology is required. Although modern technology often serves to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the advantages and disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so that an appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers, closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status, large worki ng areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. The second barrier Eric list is perceptual barriers is where the, The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The next of the barriers are listed as emotional barriers is where, One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Then we have, cultural barriers which means, when we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behavior patterns of the group. These are the behaviors that the group accepts as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behavior through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. Next we have, Language barriers is described as, language that desc ribes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. The sixth barrier is, the gender barrier, this barrier relates to There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalized way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. The last barrier that Eric Garner mentions is, interpersonal barriers, which sates that, There are six levels at which people can distance themselves from one another. These six things are listed as Withdrawal is an absence of interpersonal contact. It is both refusals to be in touch and time alone. Rituals are meaningless, repetitive routines devoid of real contact. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but superficial activities. Working activities are those tasks which follow the rules and procedures of contact but no more. Games are subtle, manipulative interactions which are about winning and losing. They include rackets and stamps. Closeness is the aim of interpersonal contact where there is a high level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving your communications is a broad-brush activity. You have to change your thoughts, your feelings, and your physical connections. That way, you can break down the barriers that get in your way and start b uilding relationships that really work. Learning how to overcome these barriers and communicate with your mate effectively can make a world of different in how well you know your mate as well as how well you all will get along and how long the relationship will last. (Garner E. 2012) Now I will talk to you both about some of the strategies you can use for active, critical and empathic listening. To fully understand what your partner is trying to communicate to you it is really important to comprehend what he or she is saying to you. Now we know that some people like to talk more then others but when trying to communicate with your partner we have to remember to listen to the other person and give them the chance to talk as well. When everyone wants to talk and no one wants to listen it only complicates things and makes people unhappy. Communicating effectively is when you are able to express yourself effectively as well as being able to take time to listen keenly and carefully to what the other person is saying. Some of the strategies that can help you both to be more effective listener are, that when your partner is talking listen carefully and you can be able to repeat what he or she has said. This will help you to remember what the topic was and the kind of in formation that was shared rather it was super important or not so important later. If of you have the habit of forgetting what is discussed, it is important to be writing down the main points which will help you later. Distractions should be avoided in order to increase your ability of developing good listening skills, important communication between the two of you for example when you are budgeting your finances, it is important to switch off the TV phones, radios, or another such gadgets. It is important to listen from the heart which means having empathy towards what your partner is talking about Examine the body language, and lastly when something is not clear ask questions for clearing your understanding. Poor interpersonal communication level is the main cause of many broken marriages or couples seeking for counseling to restore their marriages. The common refrain used by most couples is that he or she no longer understands me. The main focus which couples are required to do is to understand and explore how to communicate to each other and the various problems they might be facing in communication . When you need your commutation to be improved the main aspects which you have to focus are the various communication mechanisms such as presenting honest and direct questions, providing feedback and setting aside time to talk to one another. Having a conflict is not the major issue but the main challenge is how you will be able to handle the conflict which will determine your future. Solving the conflict through the use of effective communication skills and understanding couples with respect leads to you having a happier future and building a stronger relationship. In future as you are confronted with conflicts, these communication skills tips will be effective for you. So keep them in your mind with the aim of having a positive outcome. Many couples think theyre communicating with each other when they sort out who will pick up the kids, pay the bills or call the grandparents, says Orbuch. But thats not the kind of communication shes talking about.(Schoenberg N. 2011) The article Can We Talk, Researcher talks about the role of communication in marriages I believe can really help you both to work on your communication skills with one another in your relationship. The article gives insight in to how couples can work on lea rning more about one another on a more personal level. Conversation partners related use of function words-such as pronouns, articles, conjunctions, prepositions and negations-augurs well for mutual romantic interest and stable relationships, says a team led by graduate student Molly Ireland and psychologist James Pennebaker, both of the University Of Texas At Austin. I find myself agreeing with the two psychologists. I believe that the use of language and grammar really contributes to the type of communication that we engage in our everyday life. The words people use when communicating with other has more meaning then people realize. So far in this class I have learned that it is not just what you rather then how you word things as well as your body language and facial expressions. An interesting irony is that two people who truly hate one another will often exhibit a high amount of language-style matching, Pennebaker says.Two people locked in a bitter fight tend to talk, or yell, in similar ways. Mostly, though, highly attentive conver sation partners like one another. (Bower B. 2012) According to Tim Borchers Self-disclosure is not simply providing information to another person. Instead, scholars define self-disclosure as sharing information with others that they would not normally know or discover. Self-disclosure involves risk and vulnerability on the part of the person sharing the information. Tim also states A useful way of viewing self-disclosure is the Johari window. The Johari window is a way of showing how much information you know about yourself and how much others know about you. The window contains four panes, as shown below. The Open Pane includes information such as hair color, occupation, and physical appearance. The Blind Pane includes information that others can see in you, but you cannot see in your self. You might think you are poor leader, but others think you exhibit strong leadership skills. The Hidden Pane contains information you wish to keep private, such as dreams or ambitions. The Unknown Pane includes everything that you and others do n ot know about yourself. You may have hidden talents, for example, that you have not explored. Through self-disclosure, we open and close panes so that we may become more intimate with others. I believe that using the method that Tim talks about can really help to better the self discloser in you interpersonal relationship. There are also functions and risk that Tim listed that can be helpful to a marriage as new as yours. He states Self-disclosure performs several functions. It is a way of gaining information about another person. We want to be able to predict the thoughts and actions of people we know. Self-disclosure is one way to learn about how another person thinks and feels. Once one person engages in self-disclosure, it is implied that the other person will also disclose personal information. This is known as the norm of reciprocity. Mutual disclosure deepens trust in the relationships and helps both people understand each other more. You also come to feel better about yourself and your relationship when the other person accepts what you tell them. Risks of Self-Disclosure While there are several advantages to self-disclosure, there are also risks. One risk is that the person will not respond favorably to the information. Self-disclosure does not automatically lead to favorable impressions. Anot her risk is that the other person will gain power in the relationship because of the information they possess. Finally, too much self-disclosure or self-disclosure that comes too early in a relationship can damage the relationship. Thus, while self-disclosure is useful, it can also be damaging to a relationship. ( Borchers T. 1999) Now I will give you some information that I have learned about perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. According to Sole, Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, and organizing information that comes in through your senses. The perceptual process allows you to become conscious of situations in your environment that might be dangerous or that require your attention, and it is essential to your survival. Most people tend to think that they perceive the world as it really is; however, the truth is that they perceive only a small portion of what they encounter in the outside environment. Everything in the environment that has the potential to be perceived can be defined as a stimulus. These stimuli come to you through your five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch; you pay attention to some of these stimuli and not to others. You then try to make sense of the stimuli you are aware of or have paid attention to and create your own interpretations and meaning of them. Nonverbal communication is defined as communication of a message without words, which means that it encompasses a wide range of vocal and visual signs and behaviors. Throughout your life, you express thoughts and ideas not only through language but also through your voice, eyes, face, body posture and movement, and hand gestures. Understanding emotions and expressing these emotions appropriately is the key to successful communication with others. People who are aware of their emotions and are sensitive to the emotions of others are better able to handle the ups and downs of life, to rebound from adversity, and to maintain fulfilling relationships with others. As a result, say researchers, they can live more satisfying lives (Matthews, Zeidner, Roberts, 2003). Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that can be learned. We can improve our emotional intelligence by increasing our awareness of emotional issues and improving our ability to identify, assess, and manage our feelings.(So le, 2011) People skills involve a wide range of interpersonal skills including appropriate self-disclosure determining how much personal information to share with others, appropriate assertion skills presenting your ideas and opinions so that they are recognized, collaborative skills working well with others, problem solving skills, and conflict resolution skills. In conclusion I feel that communicating effectively in any relationship especially in a new marriage take time, practice and skill. There are many skills that you can use when trying to better the level of communication in your marriage. These skills include identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions as well as developing strategies for active, critical and empathic listening. Other skills that you both can try and gain a better understanding of are, appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships and also learning to understand how perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. The skill that I feel will help you the most in order to keep you relationship smooth is, Learning strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts. I really hope that this advice and research will help you to have a long and successful marriage. Sincerely Tiffany D. Roberson Reference Page Borchers T., 1999 Moorhead State University Allyn Bacon Retrieved from: http://www.abacon.com/commstudies/interpersonal/indisclosure.html Bower Bruce, Science News 2012 U.S.News World Report LP Retrieved from: http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/11/22/shared-talking-styles-herald-new-and-lasting-romance Garner E. 2012, Seven Barriers to Great Communication Retrieved from: http://www.hodu.com/barriers.shtml Schoenberg N, CHICAGO TRIBUNE February 6, 2011, 2012 Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved From: http://www.chron.com/life/article/Researcher-talks-about-the-role-of-communication-1690761.php Sole, K. (2011).Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. retrieved from: https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUCOM200.11.1/sections/glossary?search=interpersonal%20communication#w103694

Sigmund Freud Essay -- essays research papers

Sigmund Freud was born may 6, 1856. He was the first of six children he also had two older half brothers from his fathers previous marriage. This was his father’s second marriage and in this one he was much older than his wife was about twenty years older than he was. When Sigmund was just 4 years old his family moved to Vienna, it was a tough childhood for Sigmund growing up in a large Jewish family with not to much income it was a struggle for everyone in the family. He was nicknamed the golden child at one point in his childhood and the meant he was to achieve great success, from that point on his family did everything they could to give Freud a chance to succeed. Freud excelled at his studies at an early age, earning top marks in all of his classes. He excelled in everything but especially languages he could speak five languages at a young age. Freud was so dedicated to his work sometimes he would have meals sent to his room just so he could study. To prove how much his parents did for him the golden child a younger sibling was learning to play piano but Freud complained about the noise so they had the piano removed from the house. Like most geniuses Freud had a hobby that he was very passionate about he used to keep a record of all his dreams in a logbook and he would read them over and analyse them. At the tender age of 18 Freud entered medical school, he studied a lot of things including fish and seals. He graduated from medical school with top marks in his class....

Blacks in Civil War Portrayed in The Movie Glory Essay -- essays resea

The American Civil War was a major war in the United States between the Union and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America. They were led by Jefferson Davis who was elected as their president. The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the United States and rejected any right of secession. The United States Civil War began as an effort to save the Union but it ended in a fight to abolish slavery. Tens of thousands of soldiers on each side, in battle after battle, had the courage to march in regular order against the withering fire of the defenders, while those around them fell with hideous and usually fatal wounds for many different reasons. Southerners fought for their rights and their way of life. Blacks for on another and for the end of slavery. Northerners fought to keep the Union together and latter on the end of slav ery. Blacks fought for Religion, to demonstrate to all that blacks are just as capable as whites in battle and to show Gods righteousness. Northerners had elected Abraham Lincoln as their president and were willing to fight for whatever he believed in and what he thought to be morally legitimate. In the beginning of the war, the Northerners were focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. They did not want slavery to extend into their because they wanted that area to be a work place for white men. They knew that if blacks went their that whites would loose their jobs to them so they tried to preserve that land for whites. but keeping it in the southern states where it had already was prohibited. The cause of the war shift... ...he had and that he had so much love for them. He even started to cry witch shows how much love he had for his fellow soldiers. The Massachusetts 54th regiment demonstrated great courage at Fort Wagner. by attacking Fort Wagner nonstop knowing that they were fighting against the wall and that they could easily lose. They still continued to fight because they were close and when they saw one of their own men fall to the ground, it hurt their heart so they fought for that person. They did this that because the regiment was the only family they had and the way they trained and acted made them closer and become like brothers. This was one of those grate emotional motives that really pushed them to fight even harder. This was also to prove to whites that blacks were just as capable as whites in battle. When they proved this they were braking stereotypical boundaries.

A Discussion On Earthquakes :: essays research papers

A Discussion On Earthquakes Perhaps Mother Nature offers no greater force than that of the earthquake. Across the span of time, earthquakes have been recorded for their incredible destructive forces, and their abilities to awe mankind with their unparalleled force. Earthquakes can often strike without any notice, leveling large cities and killing scores of innocent people. Not only can earthquakes bring harm to society through these methods of destruction, but they can also cause millions of dollars worth of damage to the areas they destroy, causing economic chaos. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon, occurring throughout the history of the world. Descriptions as old as recorded history show the significant effects earthquakes have had on people's lives. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of earthquakes, people around the world created folklore to explain them. Until recent times, science has not had a complete understanding of how earthquakes are caused, and what can be done to predict when they will strike. This essay will discuss how earthquakes are formed and occur, how scientists can more accurately predict the arrival of earthquakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before contemplating how earthquakes might possibly be prevented, it is essential that the process and formation of and earthquake be understood. Earthquakes are caused when the earth's crustal plates move, rub, or push against each other. The earth's crust (the outer layer of the earth) is made up of seven major plates and approximately thirteen smaller ones. The name plate is used to describe these portions of the earth's crust because they are literally â€Å"plates† or sections, composed of dirt and rock. These plates float on molten lava, called magma. Since the plates are floating on magma, they can slowly move. The place where friction occurs between plates is called a fault. A fault is a crack in a plate or a place where two or more plates meet. An example of a fault where two plates meet is the San Andrea's fault in California, where the Pacific and North American plates meet. The plates are about 30 miles thick under land and can be one to five miles thick beneath the ocean. The plates move because of convection currents. Magma has currents like the ocean does, that move in a circular motion beneath the plates. When two plates are pushing against each other, they are constantly building up tension on the fault. When two plates finally slip, they release a great amount of energy in the form of shock waves. These shock waves cause vibrations, which in turn cause the ground around the fault line to move and shake.

Employe Loyalty in Hotel Essay

The essence of competition among hotels is the competition of human resource. If a group of skilled, sophisticated, and loyal employees can be retained by hotels, high quality of service, hotel brand and honor, and revenue can be guaranteed to a large extent. As a result, employee loyalty is one of the core competitiveness of hotel, largely influencing and determining the further development. Also, employee loyalty is one of the indicators of the performance Human Resource Management in a hotel. Employee loyalty is expressed by the behaviors and attitudes that are showed by hotel employees (Ineson & Berechet, 2011). With increasingly severe competition, the quality of product and productivity determine the destiny of a company. The employees who work longer are more familiar with the mission and vision of the company and regular working procedures, with the understanding of how to improve productivity and quality and save the costs, which are the competitive advantages of a company. Employees are part of hotels assets. The society also raises attention to employees’ loyalty, since employees turnover rises with low loyalty, which leads to a series of problems, like unemployment. Before a hotel employs new staffs, the on duty employees will undertake loads of responsibilities. High employee turnover will bring hotel to a chaos and revenue loss. Consequently, employee loyalty counts when dealing with high employee turnover. High employee loyalty can bring in lucrative benefit to hotel by reducing the recruitment and training costs, improving labor productivity, and creating more revenue. Also, the organization structure will be stable with high employee loyalty, stimulating the execution of tasks of related departments and achieving the continuing development. Besides, a specialty of hospitality management is that part-time employees play an important role in the delivery of guest service. Hotel could benefit a lot from properly managing part-time employees by saving training costs. So, part-time employees are another potential group of loyal employees, from which talents might be discovered. Currently, with much more choices are provided to the market, people are given more alternatives and chances, among which there is one that they cherish most and is suitable for their career development, the high employee turnover is a serious problem, which is urging to solve. In the following content, this article is going to talk about the factors that impact employee loyalty, both full-time and part-time, and different ways to improve employee loyalty. Factors that impact employee loyalty Individual Characteristics Individual characteristics, such gender, age, job tenure, and job position, have some impact on employee loyalty. For instance, for older (>40 years old) employees, job security, good maternity/paternity packages, a convenient workplace location, and a planned career path are most important, which reflect their life cycle priorities (Ineson & Berechet, 2011). Also, young employees (25-35 years old) have more ambitious to break rules and make decision without hesitation as long as there are more promising opportunities. Gender difference is obvious in hotels. Traditionally, men are supposed to be the bread-maker in a family, so most cleaning is done by women in the hotel, including the public area and guest rooms. Besides, job position has an impact on employees’ attitudes towards employee loyalty, which means that different hierarchical positions show different employee loyalty in hotel (Ineson & Berechet, 2011). Attitude toward Work With the globalization of economy, the facilities and techniques in hotel industry improve a lot, and so does employees attitude towards career path, changing from consistency to variety—developing through career ladder. In the past, most people’s first job is the last one, whose attitude toward job is that the more stable, the better. Now, however, it is not rare to be told that one’s colleague left to another hotel for further development, mostly because of better opportunities for personal development. Other employees may pay much attention on relatively clean and comfortable working environment offered by most hotels. Since the product of hotel is service, which relies on the direct communication between frontline employees and guests, both frontline employees and managers will deal with all kinds of relations with guests and colleagues, or physical work. If employees’ attitude toward their job is uninterested from the beginning, it’s very hard for hotel to build up employee loyalty. Attitude is everything. Job Commitment and Job Satisfaction Job commitment is measured by how employees feel about the hotel as a whole. It is the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization and is the desire to staying with the organization (Wanda & Salazar, 2011). Job commitment refers to both employees and hotels share goals and values, and willingness to work on behalf of the hotel. Employees can achieve their goals through the success of hotel, which is a win-win situation. Job commitment and job satisfaction are related: job commitment is to measure how’s the employees feel about the hotel; job satisfaction is to measure fulfillment with a specific job. Job satisfaction is strongly associated with employee loyalty. It is easy to work out that satisfied employees will work hard and provide high quality service to guests. Then employees will receive positive response from satisfied guests, which will give employees a sense of fulfillment and increase their loyalty. A virtuous cycle begins. Payroll and Benefits Payroll and benefits are the most direct factors that influence employee loyalty. A high payroll and benefit packages can always retain employee, which just satisfied the most basic needs of living. The most common situation in China is the huge gap between the payroll of managers and frontline employees. Undertaking loads of work and directly dealing with various guests, frontline employees are always offered low payroll, compared with the payroll of hotel managers or with the average salary in the market. Payroll is the most direct factor and may have negative impact on employees’ motivation and it is often the first consideration when people choose jobs. People will naturally compare the payroll and benefit with different hotels. When a feeling of unfairness on payroll arises, the tendency of leaving and slowing down will increase. Training and Opportunities to Develop New Skills Training is one of Human Resource most visible functions. The opportunities of develop new skills measure the management of training program. Training will not only enhance the skills and proficiency in dealing with regular working, but also give employees a sense of fulfillment through learning and making progress. It is also a way to show the care to employees. Hotels who do not invest in employee training cannot see the progress their employees made and the rise of productivity, which is not a long-tern development trategy. Mastering more skills after training, employees will have a much better understanding of their responsibilities, become more qualified to their positions and provide much better service to guests. Training management can be measure by employee satisfaction and guests satisfaction. Factors mentioned above are those that mainly impact full-time employees. Some of them may also work on part-time employee, but the ma in factor that impact part-time employees’ loyalty and commitment is the levels of support received from hotels and supervisors. As mentioned above, employees’ strong commitment will result in greater loyalty and better behaviors. Hotel manager should understand that commitment is a double- way communication. Research indicates that employees who perceive their managers’ commitment will be also committed to their organizations, resulting in much better performance and exceeding hotels’ expectations (Misty, 2009). Additionally, since part-time employees expect less than full-time employees, they will savor the moment of value when treated as part of the organization.

Marilyn Monroe Essay

I have way too many influential people in my life. One too many. However there is one person I’ve looked up to for the past couple of years that really stood out from all the rest and although she doesn’t live today, I’m sure many young girls such as I look up to her and see her as an inspirational icon. Her birth name is Norma Jeane Mortenson but she’s greatly known today by her stage name, â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†. She was an actress, singer, model, showgirl, and soon also became a major sex symbol.   I look up to Marilyn, not only because of how good-looking she was, but because Marilyn Monroe was an incredible person that had gone through soooo many rough patches all throughout her life. She was very up front and bold and didn’t give a damn about what anyone thought about her and what she did, she was very smart. Not just book-smart, but street-smart too. Marilyn Monroe was an amazing person and I can go on and on about her and how wonderful she was. And still is to this day. Read more:  Person to admire essay Marilyn Monroe, as I said, had many rough patches all throughout her life. In a way, she relates to me. Very rebellious and like I said earlier, didn’t care what anyone else around her thought about her, just as long as she had her fun. She was a singer, which is one thing I most definitely love about her. Also, the fact that Marilyn has many of these quotes†¦ if you read all of the quotes from Marilyn Monroe, you’d definitely fall in love with them, just like I have. She came out to be deep and wise with the words she had left behind for the entire world to know. She seems to me†¦ as a realist and also a feminist, which I DEFINITELY LOVE to death, because I’m both a realist and also a feminist. The way she was growing up†¦ it seemed to me that everyone, well most, had tried bringing her down and holding her back most of her life. Telling her in a way that she couldn’t become whatever she wanted to become. That she wouldn’t be able to peruse any of her dreams. That she really wouldn’t go anywhere in her life. Despite all of the let downs and all the people who had tried to bring her down, Marilyn Monroe was still a strong person, who, despite what anyone said, proved them all wrong. I respect and look up to Marilyn Monroe for her confidence, her beauty, her  talent, and also for her perspective on many things in life. Although she had died at such a young age, Marilyn truly did bring out the meaning of â€Å"living life to the fullest†. She made the best out of her life. Had fun, day and night. She had persued her dreams and I look up to her for it because she just basically shows that you can do anything only if you set your mind to it and you let no one get in your way. It’s one of the reasons why I admire Marilyn Monroe so much.

Noughts and Crosses Essay

English teachers don’t need to be told the enormous value and pleasure of reading whole texts as class readers. Little compares with that feeling when a class are truly engaged in the reading of a really good book. Those moments stay with you forever – indeed, they fuel the desire to find another such book to repeat the experience, again and again. Fortunately, contemporary writers of fiction for young adults continue to offer us fresh opportunities to enjoy literature with our students. Oxford Rollercoasters is a series that offers teachers the opportunity of studying first-class novels – recently written for teenagers – as whole-class readers with Year 7, 8 and 9 students. Focus on assessment of reading Oxford Rollercoasters includes titles with varied themes, challenging subject matter and engaging plots – for example, Noughts and Crosses takes a very contemporary slant on racism, Firestarter features a modern-day compulsive arsonist, while Fire, Bed and Bone is set during the Peasants’ Revolt. Each novel is accompanied by innovative and engaging teaching materials, specifically designed to help students access the texts and to support learning as required by the National Curriculum. Rollercoasters is firmly based on the reading objectives in the Framework, and draws on approaches to reading fiction recommended by the English strand of the Secondary National Strategy. The series is written by practising teachers and consultants, and, while concentrating on the explicit teaching of reading skills, also draws on approaches to literature through drama and media. Theories behind both assessment for learning and thinking skills are also embedded in the materials. Time-saving resources For each Rollercoasters novel there is a set of Lesson Plans, specifying particular objectives, assessment focuses and learning outcomes. These are accompanied by a compact Overview (see page 4) which summarizes the scheme at a glance, including the necessary resources for each lesson. The Navigator offers a clear plot summary, linked to relevant chapters, to help speedy location of particular parts of the novel. Lesson Plans are accompanied by full, varied and practical Worksheets and OHTs, and drama activities are common within the teaching schemes. The worksheets and OHTs are customizable to meet the needs of a particular teacher and class. For every novel there are suggested guided reading sessions as well as the opportunity to develop further specific group teaching. Class, shared and independent reading are also fully supported in the Lesson Plans. The practice of keeping some form of Reading Journal during the study of the novel is encouraged in many of the schemes, and there are several attractive models for such record-keeping across the teaching materials. Every set of Lesson Plans ends with its own student Reading Assessment Progress Sheet, which the teacher can then use to identify areas for development for each student. Reading Guide Each of the novels has its own student Reading Guide, which contains a rich variety of material to help to engage students in their study of the novel. Each one features unique author’s craft material, giving students a great insight into the writing, editing and publishing process. Ideas for wider reading and for the extension of independent reading are also provided in the Pathways section at the end of the Reading Guide. Website support The Rollercoasters website provides access to the free on-line teacher’s resources, sample chapters of the novels and further author information. Oxford Rollercoasters provides first-class teaching resources for first-class contemporary fiction. The series is designed to engage the widest possible range of students in reading for pleasure, and we feel confident that it will contribute to those memorable experiences of reading together in the secondary classroom.

Shoes footwear

IMC Plan of SHOESIntroduction to the merchandiseShoes is a portion offootwear that is usage to first protect the humanfootand subsequently, to boot, as an point of ornament in itself. The pes contains morebonesthan any other individual portion of thebody. Thedesignof shoes has varied tremendously through clip, and fromcultureto civilization, with visual aspect originally being tied to map. Places have traditionally been made fromleather, woodorcanvas, but now a yearss it is progressively made fromrubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived stuffs.Types of Places: –Dress and insouciant Places: –Dress shoesare categorized by smooth and supple leather uppers, leather colloidal suspensions, and narrow sleek. Casual places are characterized by hardy leather uppers, non-leather outsoles, and broad profile.Work force ‘s Places: –Work force ‘s places can be categorized by how they are closed: O Plain-toes: have a sleek visual aspect and no excess ornaments on the coquette. O Cap-toes: has an excess bed of leather that â€Å" caps † the toe. This is perchance the most popular ornament.Women ‘s Places: –There is a big assortment of places available for adult females, in add-on to most of the work forces ‘s manners being more recognized as unisex. Some wide classs are: High-heeled footwearmay be shoes with heels 2 inches ( 5cm ) or higher. They are frequently seen as holding more sex entreaty than low heels ( see article for treatment ) and are therefore normally worn by adult females for formal occasions or societal excursions. Kitten heelsare low high heels from approximately 1.5 to 2 inches high, set in from the dorsum of the shoe. O Sneaker bootand gym shoe pump: a shoe that looks like an athletic shoe, but is equipped with a heel, doing it a sort of freshness frock shoe. O Wedge Sandals are sandals but have the mortise joints higher as if have oning a high heels shoe. O Mulesare shoes or slippers with no suiting around the heel. O Slinging backsare places which are secured by a strap behind the heel, instead than over the top of the pes. O Espadrillesare insouciant flat or high-heeled manner sandals of a manner which originated in the Pyrenees. They normally have cotton or canvas upper and a flexible sole of rope or gum elastic.Sports places: –Work force ‘s and women'ssports shoesand particular map places frequently have less difference between the sexes than in frock places. In many instances these places can be worn by either sex. Emphasis tends to be more on map than manner. O Runningshoes: really similar to above, with extra accent on padding. O Track spikes: lightweight ; frequently with plastic or metalcleats O Cleat ( shoe ) : a type of shoe having molded or removable he-mans. Normally worn while playing athleticss such asrugby, football, American football, or base ball. O Golfshoes: with â€Å" spikes † for better clasp in grass and moisture land. Originally the spikes or â€Å" cleats † were made of metal but replaceable â€Å" soft spikes † made of man-made plastic-like stuffs with prongs distributed radically around the border of each spike are much more common today ( and are required on many golf classs since they cause less harm to the leafy vegetables ) . O Bowlingshoes: intermediate manner between ordinary frock places and athletic places. They have harder gum elastic soles/heels so as non to damagebowlingalley floors. They are frequently rented or loaned at bowling back streets. O Climbing places: a shoe designed forrock mounting. They typically have a close tantrum, small if any cushioning, and a smooth gluey gum elastic sole with an drawn-out gum elastic rand. O Hikingshoes or boots: normally have a high slightly stiff upper with many lacing eyeholes, to supply ankle support on uneven terrain, with excess big grip on the sole. O Walkingshoes: have a more flexible sole than the running shoe, igniter in weight than the hike boot, may hold air holes, may non be H2O cogent evidence. O Cycling shoesare equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface withclipless pedals, every bit good as a stiff sole to maximise power transportation and back up the pes. O Snowshoesare particular places for walking in midst snow. In temperate climes, snowshoes are used for largely recreational intents in winter. O Wrestling shoesare visible radiation, flexible places that mimic bare pess while supplying extra grip and protection.Work Places: –Work places are designed to stand heavy wear, to protect the wearer, and provide high grip. They are by and large made from hardy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles. Sometimes they are used foruniformsor comfort bynurses, waitresses, constabulary, militarypersonnel, etc. They are normally used for protection in industrial scenes, building, excavation, and other workplaces. Protective characteristics may includesteel-tipped toesand colloidal suspensions orankleguards. ( Beginning: – hypertext transfer protocol: //www. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shoe )Industry overviewIndian Footwear IndustryLeather industry of India is the nucleus strength of the Indian footwear industry. It is the engine of growing for the full Indian leather industry and India is the 2nd largest planetary manufacturer of footwear after China. Reputed planetary trade names like Florsheim, Nunn Bush, Stacy Adams, Gabor, Clarks, Nike, Reebok, Ecco, Deichmann, Elefanten, St Michaels, Hasley, Salamander and Colehaan are manufactured under licence in India. Besides, many planetary retail ironss seeking quality merchandises at competitory monetary values are actively sourcing footwear from India. While leather places and uppers are produced in medium to large-scale units, the sandals and chappals are produced in the family and bungalow sector. The industry is poised for following the modern and state-of-the-art engineering to accommodate the demanding international demands and cr iterions. India produces more of gent ‘s footwear while the universe ‘s major production is in ladies footwear. In the instance of chapels and sandals, usage of non-leather stuff is prevailing in the domestic market. Leather footwear exported from India are frock places, casuals, mocassins, athletics places, horrachies, sandals, danseuses, boots. Non-leather footwear exported from India are Shoes, Sandals and Chappals made of gum elastic, plastic, P.V.C. and other stuffs. With altering life styles and increasing richness, domestic demand for footwear is projected to turn at a faster rate than has been seen. There are already many new domestic trade names of footwear and many foreign trade names such as Nike, Adidas, Puma, Reebok, Florsheim, Rockport, etc. have besides been able to come in the market. The footwear sector has matured from the degree of manual footwear fabricating methods to machine-controlled footwear fabricating systems. The Indian Footwear Industry is pi tching up to leverage its strengths towards maximising benefits. Strength of India in the footwear sector originates from its bid on dependable supply of resources in the signifier of natural fells and teguments, quality finished leather, big installed capacities for production of finished leather & A ; footwear, big human capital with expertness and engineering base, skilled work force and comparatively low cost labour, proved strength to bring forth footwear for planetary trade name leaders and acquired engineering competency, peculiarly for mid and high priced footwear sections. Resource strength of India in the signifier of stuffs and skilled work force is a comparative advantage for the state.Market size of Indian Footwear industry: –O The Indian footwear retail market is expected to turn at a CAGR of over 20 % for the period crossing from 2008 to 2011. O Footwear is expected to consist approximately 60 % of the entire leather exports by 2011 from over 38 % in 2006-07. O Soon, the Indian footwear market is dominated by Men ‘s footwear market that accounts for about 58 % of the entire Indian footwear retail market. O By merchandises, the Indian footwear market is dominated by insouciant footwear market that makes up for about two-third of the entire footwear retail market. O As footwear retailing in India remain focussed on work forces ‘s places, there exists a overplus of chances in the sole ladies ‘ and childs ‘ footwear section with no organized retailing concatenation holding a national presence in either of these classs. O The Indian footwear market tonss over other footwear markets as it gives benefits like low cost of production, abundant natural stuff, and has immense ingestion market. O The footwear constituent industry besides has tremendous chance for growing to provide to increasing production of footwear of assorted types, both for export and domestic market. ( Beginning: -http: //www.sfootwearsinfoline.tripod.com/ind_footwr_industry_overview.htm )Executive SummaryAlthough common aim of all IMC plan is increase trade name consciousness, sale and design a alone image of the merchandise in clients mind. To pass on among public and clients, we will publicize our merchandise run on Television, magazine, online. Through the advertizement we want to plan the trade name image of our merchandise into the client head. Besides advertisement, we will besides transport out promotional activity such as public relation, direct selling etc. Assorted places company besides organizes assorted events in order to pass on decently with clients, for illustration Reebok Brand had planned to establish an event called â€Å"Reebok Junnon† for their client â€Å"The Reebok hub† a multi trade name mercantile establishment for dress of places. The Main intent of this event was to increase the sale of Reebok places. Before planing IMC plan the Reebok C ompany carried out market research in order to justice clients behaviours toward their places. For research they design the scheme for â€Å"Reebok junnon† event. During the event they decided to acquire feedback from client who visits â€Å"The Reebok hub† so that appropriate primary informations can be collected for planing IMC scheme for â€Å"The Reebok hub† . Before planing incorporate selling communicating plan it is necessary to judge consumer ‘s behaviour toward the merchandise. It is necessary to cognize clients wishing and disliking, these informations provide assorted support during designing of IMC plan. Although there are assorted media available for pass oning but Printads in magazine and intelligence paper is seen most effectual medium in the instance of places be aftering scheme. After Research study done by assorted places company, it has been founded that male respondents were more trade name witting than female. There is no peculiar desi gn tendency in places among female, but males are more witting towards their manner tendencies. â€Å"Fitting† and â€Å"style† are the major properties considered by client while purchasing shoes.Our Shoes Company HUNKY which makes athleticss places has come up with a new IMC program for the new athletics places merchandise for the new part Bihar where the mark market in the section Bihar will be Patna, Hajipur and muzaffarpur. In this study, we will further present ourselves and how we got started, internal and external situational analysis of our company, and why a new IMC program is needed. HUNKY is a strong rival in the SHOES industry and it is concentrating on increasing the trade name equity and profitableness of companies focused on increasing their portion in the footwear market. Our mission is to do certain that our clients have the tools and information that they need to go successful in the footwear market. HUNKY Company is fundamentally made athletics plac es so, we have segmented the market as a athletics places among all places types. HUNKY Company is fundamentally made athletics places that are for all degree of people. The HUNKY company mark market for the athletics places that will be kid ‘s to up to 15 old ages, immature people and old people above 50 old ages. On the footing of this mark market we will do placement scheme and we will do IMC program that will assist us to increase market portion and established the HUNKY trade name in the market with regard to all rivals. We have looked at the strengths and failings of the Hunky Company every bit good as the chances and menaces and have included them in this IMC program. HUNKY Company will utilize all IMC tools which will be best suited for fluxing the message among the targeted people. We feel that Hunky would gain from doing an advanced and client oriented merchandise that will utilize by largely all degree of people. Not many companies are concentrating towards the olde r coevals of places, so we want Hunky to be one of the first companies to hold an all degree of client oriented athletics places that will utilize by all degree of people and this strategically message, we will present throughout in our IMC program.Selling programSituational analysisEvery organisation is confronting a batch of job at present clip in market analysis, so it became really necessary for every organisation that before puting any objective the organisation must be carried out state of affairs analysis in order to acknowledge strength, failing, chances and menace nowadays in the organisation. â€Å"According to Sally and John, selling programs are â€Å"the written papers or design for implementing and commanding an organisation ‘s selling activities related to a peculiar selling strategy† . A successful selling program is able to better organisations ‘ net incomes and growing, uses in nonsubjective scene and proctors consequences. So to derive a successful market program it is necessary to understand the current state of affairs comprehensively and trends impacting the hereafter of the organization.Situation analysis plays a critical function in developing marketing plan.First of all, it ‘s assist our company to take the dynamic selling environment in the places market that will assist to take the uncertainness, menaces and chances for sellers. Selling directors who success to cognize alterations in environment through state of affairs analysis can take their companies to capitalise on chances and header with menaces created by alterations. Then, consistently analysing situational environments in order to place our clients and understand their demands. There are certain chances for Shoes Company, such as addition more and more work forces and adult females design and advanced aggregation, addition market and market portion through integrated PR, advertizement and promotional run. Besides chances there is a batch of menace that create barrier for Shoes Company.These menaces are as follow:O Increasing competition in ethical design. O Ethical trade name is non taken earnestly by public. O High monetary value and trueness lessening trueness towards trade name.SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis will assist me to place our company strength, failings, chance and menaces internally and externally both. Through this, we can easy place our HUNKY rivals in the market and one time we know the company failing and what sort of oppournity we have for the present and future chance so we can easy do cost effectual IMC program and strategic IMC program for the company. In SWOT analysis of the company, we have find the following that will assist to do more strategical and cost effectual IMC program:Strength: –O Easy handiness of low cost for all degree of people. O Massive institutional support for proficient services, planing, work force development and selling. O Exporter-friendly authorities policies for places industry. O Well-established linkages with purchasers in all parts of India.Failing: –O Lack of modern coating installations for leather. O Highly unhygienic environment. O Troubles in accessing to proving, planing and proficient services. O Environmental jobs. O Non handiness of quality footwear constituents in the market. O Lack of fresh investing in the sector. O Uneconomical size of fabricating units. O Weak support infra- construction for exports.Opportunity: –O The Indian footwear retail market is expected to turn at a CAGR of over 20 % for the period crossing from 2008 to 2011. O Footwear is expected to consist approximately 60 % of the entire leather exports by 2011 from over 38 % in 2006-07. O Soon, the Indian footwear market is dominated by Men ‘s footwear market that accounts for about 58 % of the entire Indian footwear retail market. O Abundant range to provide finished leather to multinationals puting up store in India. O Turning manner consciousness globally. O Use of information engineering and determination support package to assist extinguish the length of the production rhythm for different merchandises O Product variegation – There is batch of range for variegation into other merchandises, viz. , leather garments, goods etc. O Turning international and domestic markets. O Retain clients through quality supplies and timely bringings O Aim to show the client with new designs, substructure, and state & A ; company profiles. O Use of modern engineering O De-reservation of the footwear sector.Menace: –O Entry of multinationals in domestic market. O Stiff competition from other company. O Non- duty barriers – Developing states are fall backing to more and more non – duty barriers indirectly. O Fast altering manner tendencies are hard to accommodate for every clip for our company.Market and Consumer behaviour analysisIn Market analysis we must see about the market size of the places industry in India. It is necessary to place that who is the major rival of our places company HUNKY. On the footing of market analysis we can easy place our rivals in this field and after that we can easy aim our metameric market which is good for our new merchandise and what sort of positioning message should be for them and how IMC will be affected for those mark market can be easy identified. First of all we will see the market size of places industry: – O The Indian footwear retail market is expected to turn at a CAGR of over 20 % for the period crossing from 2008 to 2011. O Footwear is expected to consist approximately 60 % of the entire leather exports by 2011 from over 38 % in 2006-07. O Soon, the Indian footwear market is dominated by Men ‘s footwear market that accounts for about 58 % of the entire Indian footwear retail market. O Abundant range to provide finished leather to multinationals puting up store in India. On the footing of that determination we will make all market activities sing our IMC program. Our treatment on market and consumer behaviour will be strated to the undermentioned treatment of IMC program of places: – The major rivals in athletics places in Indian context of the HUNKY Company are Nike, Reebok, Action places, Puma and Bata places. Apart from this some local marketer of athletics places in today ‘s scenario gives more competition because even they are non branded places but they are supplying low monetary value places. So, to confront elephantine challenges from all these we are making our nucleus value of the company that is the athletics places for all degree of people that most of the major rivals do non hold. They all ( rivals ) largely targeted the younger coevals but HUNKY Company will aim all degree of people in the athletics places section with low-cost monetary value.Consumer Behavior analysisIn consumer behaviour analysis we have find from company selling research section that the consumer wants branded places but inexpensive monetary value. Consumer besides wants that the purchasing places can run in every environment and their societal self-importance personality b esides influenced to purchase a peculiar branded places. The consumer purchasing behaviour fundamentally influenced by assorted types of publishing ad in concern magazine and Television advertizement of athletics places through different different types of famous person. They besides influenced by Newspaper ad because the newspaper is read by most of the people today ‘s. So, on the footing of this determination we emphasized our IMC planning harmonizing to client pick. We will utilize those types of IMC tools for pass oning the message to the people that will outdo for the demand market.Competitive analysisThe major rivals in athletics places in Indian context of the HUNKY Company are Nike, Reebok, Action places, Puma and Bata places. They are the elephantine trade name in the athletics places section and they are the good established trade name. So to take a challenge in this section from these all we will make our company trade name value in the market through strong alignin g message and with differentiate a alone sell belongings that is places for all degree of people and this nucleus value of the HUNKY Company will be shown throughout in IMC program. Pricing factor will be besides a major factor to distinguish to all rivals from our company HUNKY. Apart from this some local marketer of athletics places in today ‘s scenario giving more competition because they are non branded places and they are supplying low monetary value places. So, to confront elephantine challenges from all we are making our nucleus value of the company that is the athletics places for all degree of people that most of the major rivals do non hold. They largely targeted the younger coevals but HUNKY Company will aim all degree of people in the athletics places section with low-cost monetary value.Marketing aimAfter state of affairs analysis we now able to cognize our organisation strength, failing, chances and menace nowadays in environment. It provides a batch of support i n scene of marketing aim. It ‘s provides a sense of way to the company that what has to done in farther selling program. O Increase market portion up to 20 % . O Increase sale by 50 % in 6 month from thelaunch of public run. O Create consciousness among mark audience. Use inordinate advertisement particularly utilizing media preferred by the mark market. O Create merchandise belonging and place among purchaser ‘s headSelling SchemeToachieve this aim we implement assorted schemes.Target market:* Sport places for: – Childs to up to 15 old ages Young people Older people above 50 old ages Gender: male and female bothMarketing Mix Schemes: –Merchandise: -The Main purpose of the Hunky Company is to bring forth high quality athletics places in assorted qualities for all degree of people. It is merely possible to capture the attending of the mark market. The name of our athletics places is Hunky. The company is supplying 2 old ages free serving on athletics places for the client for client satisfaction point of position. Monetary value: – The monetary value scope of the merchandise scope will be from Rs. 200 to 1500 100. The monetary value will be depended upon the client age and size of the merchandise. The company will besides supply price reduction offer and allowance for the channel members. Topographic point: – Thedistributionchannels for Hunky Company are as follows: – Your browser may non back up show of this image. MANUFACTURER ( COMPANY ) Your browser may non back up show of this image. WHOLESELLER Your browser may non back up show of this image. SHOES SEND TO RETAILERCustomerPromotion: -In a publicity portion of the merchandise we are traveling to establish IMC program for the mark market.Execution Tacticss* Launch a unsighted ad run on hoardings and magazines in all A category countries of major metropoliss and magazine with regard to aim market. * Heavy advertisement on Television, newspapers and magazines * Set shows of places in salesrooms and major trader mercantile establishments in all metropoliss. * Continue Advertising.Evaluate PerformanceThe Goal of our selling program is to accomplish market objective that are established before execution of selling program. We evaluate and command our strategic tactics by comparing our consequence with standard established before puting of program, by mensurating client satisfaction and trade name trueness. If consequence is less than our criterion than it means there is any default in execution and monitoring in the plan. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the selling program will be the Marketing Executives, Gross saless Directors, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers.Some activities will be carried out for measuring the overall public presentation that will be exactly and closely measuring the effectivity of the schemes and tactics for illustration the assemblage and structuring of informations sing market, merchandise, consumers and the pricing tendencies, so the coevals of day-to-day gross revenues study should be maintained and so in the terminal uninterrupted reconfirming of the selling budget and activities by the directors of different divisions.IMC aim and schemeIntegrated Selling Communications is a term used to depict a holistic attack to selling communicating. It aims to guarantee consistence of message and the complementary usage of media. The construct includes on-line and offline selling channels. Online selling channels include any e-marketing runs or plans, pay-per-click, affiliate, electronic mail, streamer to latest web related channels for webinar, web log, micro-blogging, RSS, cod dramatis personae, and Internet Television. Offline selling channels are traditional print ( newspaper, magazine ) , mail order, public dealingss, industry dealingss, hoarding, wireless, and telecasting. Hunky Company is developing its incorporate selling communicating programmes utilizing all the elements of the selling mix ( merchandise, monetary value , topographic point, and publicity So Incorporate selling communicating is integrating of all selling tools, attacks, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer head and which consequences into maximal net income at minimal cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, gross revenues publicity, and personal merchandising activities. It besides includes cyberspace selling, sponsorship selling, direct selling, database selling and public dealingss and integrating of all these promotional tools along with other constituents of marketing mix to derive border over rival is called Integrated Marketing Communication.Situational analysisFirst of all we carried out state of affairs analysis in order to understand the job. In this we place our rivals and their scheme for illustration Reebok junnon event scheme for Reebok hub client.Then, consistently analysing situational environments in order to place our clients and understand their demands. There are certain chan ces for Shoes Company, such as addition more and more work forces and adult females design. In IMC situational analysis we analyze advanced aggregation, addition market and market portion through integrated PR, advertizement and promotional run. Besides chances there is a batch of menace that create barrier for Shoes Company. Under state of affairs analysis, we besides analyze fiscal place of company.IMC aimThe IMC aim of the HUNKY company is following: – * To Increase sale by 50 % in following six month. * To Increase trade name consciousness. * To Increase client trueness. * To Increase desire of client. * To Increase repetition purchase. * To mensurate client satisfaction. * To make relationship with client on personal degree. * To command and detect public sentiment. * To have feedback from client on regular footing.Problem and chanceAfter situational analysis we must happen the job sing IMC communicating related to the current market environment. In situational analysis we find that there is a deficiency of consciousness sing the cognition of quality of athletics places. Most of the people prefer merely branded athletics places whatever the quality belongs to that peculiar branded merchandise. The job besides belongs to the people attitude towards the new establishing merchandise that is my company HUNKY. Our company Hunky when traveling to be launch new places merchandise into the market so the attitude of people towards our merchandise may non be trustworthy because several places company successful established in to the market and among them we have to make Hunky trade name positioning into the market. So we must see all these things before establishing IMC tools towards our merchandise. We will hold to besides care about the distribution cha nnel of Hunky Company and besides about the selling mix communicating. Opportunity in the footings of the handiness of merchandise into the market and distinguishing nature of merchandise sing rivals. In Hunky we are making the nucleus value of our merchandise that is places for all degree of people with low-cost monetary value that most of our rivals do non hold. We will besides persuate sing new adding characteristic with latest engineering among people in to the market.Communication aimThe Hunky communicating aim is to accomplish all selling aim which are prescribed in selling program through strong aligning message. As a Hunky company IMC contriver our communicating aim is to make consciousness among the people sing our merchandise. Our communicating aim is to give the proficient cognition and competitory benefit about our merchandise to the mark market. For this by the aid of IMC program we create the trade name image of our merchandise and differentiate characteristic of our merchandise into the head of client. Our placement message for our merchandise will be the followers: – Be One Step Ahead in Fashion and quality with HUNKY By the aid of this strategic aligning message we will make our trade name value among all rivals.BudgetThe companies IMC budget will be depend upon the entire aim which is to be achieved in a entire fiscal twelvemonth. In Hunky Company, IMC budget is 80 crore for the fiscal twelvemonth 2009-10. In this sum we will capture our mark market through assorted types of IMC tools through the strong placement message.IMC schemeTarget audience: – The Hunky company mark market for the places merchandise is childs to up to 15 old ages, immature people and old people above 50 old ages. Now for this through IMC tools we target the audience who will be responsible to purchase Hunky merchandise for their households. For childs section our mark audience will be the female parent, for immature people our mark audience will be their married womans or their common friends, for old people our mark audience will be their boies or their households. So we have to flux our strategical planning throug h IMC tools with regard to the mark audience of our merchandise.IMC tools usedWe will utilize undermentioned tools for capturing the mark audience with regard to the mark market: – O ADVERTISEMENT ( BUDGET- 30 CRORE ) O SALES PROMOTION ( BUDGET-20 CRORE ) O PUBLIC RELATION ( BUDGET-10 CRORE ) O DIRECT MARKETING ( BUDGET-10 CRORE ) O MEDIA PLANNING ( BUDGET- 10 CRORE ) The operational scheme of above all using IMC tools for the HUNKY places company is following: –AdIn advertisement portion we will use Rs. 30 crore. The chief aim of the advertizement of the Hunky company will be the followers: – O To increase trade name consciousness. O To inform to the mark market about our merchandise. O To carry about the Hunky places to the mark market with regard to monetary value and quality and with our positioning message. Monetary value Scope: – Rs.200 TO 1500 ONLY VISIT NEAREST SHOWROOM IN YOUR CITYAd Scheme: –We will develop an Ad Scheme to accomplish the aims of a run that requires the consideration to be given to both the ‘Message ‘ which will be communicated and the ‘Media ‘ through which it will be sent.Ad MessageWe are seeking to be originative, inventive and advanced in developing the advertisement message, both in footings of what is said, and how it is said? What is said by the Hunky company: – We will utilize here the ‘Big Idea ‘ and will usually turn to the cardinal benefits sought by the mark audience, actuating the audience to pay attending. Given the changeless hunt for new ways to appeal to aim audiences.For illustration:Honky trade name Places: Keep it Simple. Manner is nil without quality. In this massage we are seeking to pull attending of the mark audience that without quality manner is zero. How the company will state it: – During bringing of advertisement massage in client head we will take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. The advertizement will be to advance positive feelings of merriment, contentment, and felicity. Choosing Ad Media: – In add-on to make up one's minding upon the content, manner and tone of the advertisement message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the mark audience must besides be selected. For the athletics places advertisement we will choose media such as Television, Magazine, Newspaper and Outdoor.Television ad will supply me following benefit: –O Dynamic attending of the people, uniting ocular consequence, sound and alive stimulation. O Strong possible Impact & A ; High market coverage on our mark market.Newspapers: –From this media we will make the followers: – O Capturing the market through aiming the profiling readership.Magazines: –From this media we will make: – O High quality reproduction, of colour images O Targeting through their specializer publications O Good base on balls on readershipOutdoor: –O Hoarding O Shop Boards O Railway station and AirportGross saless PROMOTIONIn Gross saless publicity we will supply assorted consumers and trade promotional tool such as discount, price reduction, gift, competition, vouchers, monetary value trade, competition game, trying to the mark market to increase sale of Hunky places. There are certain aims of the Hunky places gross revenues publicity. O To increase immediate merchandise sale O To increase support among the seller ‘s gross revenues force. O To derive the support of the trade in marketing the merchandisePromotion Schemes: –By the aid of Promotional scheme we will seek, to alter consumers ‘ purchasing behaviour, to increase trade name image, to increase net income, to increase sale of our merchandise. We will use two sort of sale publicity, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as trader, provider, retail merchant etc.Consumer sale publicity tool: –We will use following promotional tools addition sale. Monetary value trade: -Price trade is impermanent decrease in monetary value of merchandise. We will supply two type of monetary value trade: cents-off trades and price-pack trades. Price trade will be is given at assorted times to excite purchase of Shoes. Coupon: – A voucher is typically a printed certification giving the carrier a declared monetary value decrease or particular value on a specific merchandise, by and large for a specific period. In this we will supply assorted sorts of voucher that contain assorted price reduction monetary values so that client gets the advantage of this price reduction and purchase places at low monetary value. Offer: In this we offer that those Customers who buy places will have a free Jersey. The offer will be depending upon season to season. The run will be marketed with print and Television ads, and will have Television commercials with instrumentalists singing screens of their favourite vocal. The company will be offering those gathered screens in a Cadmium at retail locations for clients who make a more than 10 places. Premium: We will supply offer of some gift or at bargain monetary value to promote client purchasing. Ad Fortes: -Advertising fortes besides call a promotional merchandise. It will be largely given to our loyal clients. It includes assorted cards like birthday card, New Year card. It will be largely done to retain the old client. Trade sale publicity tool: – Aims of Trade Gross saless Promotion of the Hunky company will be: – O Gain/maintain distribution O Influence resellers to advance merchandise O Influence resellers to offer monetary value price reduction O Increase reseller stock list O Defend against rivals O Avoid decrease of normal monetary values There are assorted sale publicity tools which apply by the Hunky places that stimulate trade to advance company merchandise.Trade Allowances: –In this we will supply short-run particular allowances, price reductions, or trades granted to resellers to excite reseller to rapid purchase of their merchandise.Point-of-Purchase Display: –In this we are by and large used at the retail degree to name client attending to a featured merchandise. In this company employees observe every retail store and that show more company merchandise will be victor of particular gift or award.Trade Shows: –In this the company will take part in trade show in periodic, semi periodic public event at which provider displays the Honky places and provides information about the company shoes quality and monetary value to possible purchaser.Public relationPublic relation is nil but making a favourable relation for organisation and merchandise which is done through used of assorted communicating channel and tool. So public relation is largely done to better the image of company and construct good image in clients mind. The chief aim of the Hunky company sing public relation will be the followers: – O Building Product Awareness: – We will make PR component that generates consumer attending and consciousness through media arrangements and particular events. O Making Interest: in this Public Relation make public involvement to utilize the merchandise at least for one time clip to the mark market. O Supplying Information: -Through the Public relation we can supply a batch of information about company activity and their merchandise characteristic and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article web site, and indirect stuff. PR helps in presenting information that helps to public in understanding the merchandise characteristic. O Stimulating Demand: -A positive article in a newspaper, on Television, intelligence show or mentioned on the Internet, frequently consequences in a discernible addition in merchandise gross revenues. O Reinforcing the Brand: -We will besides make trade name support by keeping positive relationships with cardinal audiences, and thereby helping in constructing a strong image.Direct SellingBy the aid of direct selling Honky Company straight touch with clients through mail order, telephone, facsimile, e-mails, or web merchandising, instead than through retail merchants. The chief aim of the Hunky company to make the direct selling will be the followers: – O To ageless trueness of clients. O To keep direct touch with the client O To keep regular relation to the client with regard to our clientScheme: –We will implement the undermentioned scheme in direct selling: – O We will direct a mail-order catalog to about prospective clients. O 100-page catalog, developed in-house, marks both work forces and adult females and besides contains 10 pages devoted to place merchandises. O We will use assorted tools for this: -Direct mail, Telemarketing, Email Marketing, faxing, Voicemail, Couponing, Direct response telecasting selling.Media PlanningPrint ads will be run in monthly concern and societal magazine publications. Ads will besides look in non-traditional manner locales as Parenting and home-decor publication Domino. We will utilize the undermentioned tools for this: – O Media used: -TV, imperativeness, outdoor, sponsorship, online O Agencies: Bharat ad bureau Poster Publicity, O Media thought: Hit the mark audience of childs to up to 15 old ages, immature people and old people above 50 old ages.Evaluation of IMC planning procedureEvaluation of IMC planning of HUNKY places is necessary because: – ( 1 ) The cost of advertisement and communicating gyrating twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours so it is necessary to happen out if the investing in IMC program of the HUNKY SHOES is bring forthing any return or merely traveling down the drain. ( 2 ) As a IMC contriver we can easy measure assorted communicating options such as alternate message, IMC tools, media and vehicle and take the most effectual 1s. ( 3 ) It will supply complete feedback sing the public presentation of assorted strategic options and supply a footing for future planning. ( 4 ) Evaluation will increase the effectivity of marketing communicating by extinguishing unproductive options and adding productive options. ( 5 ) Evaluation will supply me the complete sing our entire IMC budget disbursal that the budget is expense in the right manner or non. ( 6 ) It helps to judge the behavioural consequence of the mark market. ( 7 ) It will assist to judge the communicating oriented consequence of the mark market. ( 8 ) It will assist to apportion as a guider about the new mark market for farther new execution of IMC program Finally at last we will add few words with it that this IMC program for HUNKY places company is for the fiscal twelvemonth 2009-10 is prepared by me by taking the new bing company of my ain and non copied from any other beginnings. Prepared by ( ASHUTOSH RANJAN 10804580 ) . Thank you to all for co-operation in showing my IMC program in forepart of my well-thought-of sir Mr. Navjit singh and makes the session successful.